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IDEALS OF LIFE. 

Human Perfection. How to Attain It. 

A SYMPOSIUM 

OX 

THE COMING MAN. 



MEN OF SCIENCE, 

MEN OF ACTION, 
MEN OF LETTERS, 

EMINENT WOMEN. 

/ 

Edited by Wallace Wood, M. D. 

Professor of History of Art, University of the City of New York. 

ILLUSTRATED. 



J O / J-£ X 



New York : 
E. B. TREAT, 5 Cooper Union 






e*^~ 



Copyright 
.^k By E. B. TREAT, 

A 1892. pr v 



iz-wnt 



INTRODUCTION. 



THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ETHICAL SYMPOSIUM. 
-HOW TO MAKE A BETTER MAN. 

If some one of our elders were asked to write a book which 
should be helpful to the young, the work might very properly be 
divided into two parts, entitled, " How to be Happy," aud " How 
to be Good.'' The chapters of one might be upon such subjects as 
Honor, Fame, Power, Love, and those of the other upon Virtue, 
Prudence, Moderation, Fortitude, Faith, etc. 

This excellent manual, however, woidd not be adequate to New 
World needs. The New World is every day writing something for 
itself, though not perhaps in book form, under somewhat different 
titles. '-How to Have Everything." -How to Do Everything/ 7 
" How to Be Everything/' would be titles that would be much 
nearer the ideal. Two current expressions of the present genera- 
tion are pregnant with meaning in this regard : they are, " the 
best of everything/' and " all-round development." Probably no 
four words could be set together in a phrase that woidd convey 
more satisfaction to the American mind than "the best of every- 
thing." Is not this in fact the veritable American ideal ? 

The best of everything without and within. In obtaining the 
things without, are we not already successful beyond all calcula- 
tion ? Have we not the best horses, the best yachts, the best din- 
ners in the world ? Have we not the best cars, the best telephones, 
the best penmanship, the best pianos, the best chairs, the best 

5 



INTRODUCTION. 

watches in the world ; above all, the best machinery in the world ? 
Our exhibitions of 1893 will doubtless show it. 

How about the things within ? Have we also the best ideas, the 
best sentiments, sympathies, and intelligence in the world J ? Have 
we the best morals and the best manners? Have we the best 
hearts and the best habits ? We ought to have, for we have started 
in the race with every advantage. Have we the best nerves, 
the best muscles, the best eye, and the best hand ? Have we the 
best brain strands and the best brain cortex I Have we the best 
home training, the best social training, the best aesthetic training ? 
These we ought to have. Let us have the best of everything. Let 
us have the best men in the world. 

WHAT CONSTITUTE THE THINGS WITHIN? 

As all know, the word symposium means " drinking together." 
That " feast of reason and flow of soul," Plato's banquet, years be- 
fore Christ, might be called the original symposium. At that feast, 
Agathon, Socrates, Alcibiades, and others discuss the profound and 
interesting question of love. 

The present symposium on the most important of all questions, 
a The Perfecting of Man," comprises over one hundred contribu- 
tors, and in point of numbers and eminence of the " guests " and 
the magnitude of the subject is believed to be the greatest that the 
world has yet seen ; to the contributions — part of which appeared 
in the New York Herald — have been added biographical data, and 
such extracts from the writings of the respective authors as bear 
upon the subject and serve to illustrate and develop more fully 
the best ethical ideas. 

" What are the qualities most essential to the development of 
the perfect man?" 

We have on our hands at present, to educate, train, develop, and 
bring up in the way he should go a young man who is already ac- 

6 



INTRODUCTION. 

counted a prodigy, and whose quadrennial birthday in 1893 we 
call upon all the nations of the earth to celebrate. 

That young America in his rapid growth may not by any possi- 
ble mischance fail to develop into the man possessing all perfect 
qualities must be the first prayer of every citizen of the Republic. 

Let us find out, then, these much desired perfections. 

As a suggested study, we have the science of the formation of 
individual character called by Bahnsen characterology, and out of 
it grows the science of the formation of the national character, the 
term ethology being applied by Bain to both these practical sciences. 

•• What are the qualities most essential to the development of the 
perfect race ? " would be merely an expansion of the question. 

With the morality and gentility of old England might be com- 
pared in this study the intelligence and amiability of France, the 
industry and generosity of the average American, and these with 
the enthusiasm which is the ideal of Spain, and the awful sincerity 
which appears to be the dominant trait in the Russian. 

What the character of the typical young American of the twen- 
tieth and coming centuries may be is an immense problem. That 
one of his perfect qualities will be the ability to make a success in 
material things, there can be no doubt. But that there are strong 
tendencies in other directions — for instance, toward the truthful- 
ness indicated by Max Miiller, the sympathy indicated by Chief 
Belfour, the good digestion of Lord Churchill — is equally certain. 

If asked to select three examples of perfect Americans, one might 
choose Lincoln, Peter Cooper, and Horace Greeley. These three 
men were all strong in stomach and muscle, strong in heart and 
brain, and are not these precisely the four sides of man that must 
be vigorously and strenuously cultivated at the outset as a firm 
basis, whatever special direction the character may hereafter be 
destined to take ? With energy, truth, sympathy, and a good di- 
gestion, man may, humanly speaking, do all tilings. 

7 



INTRODUCTION. 

The following questions suggest themselves : 

What are the attributes of perfect manhood ? 

What is your ideal ? What are the best types ? 

What is the best ideal of culture or training ? 

What qualities of mind, heart, energy, or character should be 
cultivated for the higher development of man ? 

What organs, systems, or parts of the body, features of the face, 
or convolutions of the brain ought to be increased, and what re- 
duced, to render man more godlike and less brutelike ? 

What are the cardinal points to be insisted upon for the all- 
around development of the coming man ? 

What points are to be urged for the awakening of the higher 
intelligence of the young American ? 

What is the best counsel for the young man of to-day ? 
. What is the finest quality in human nature ? 

A letter embodying these points was sent to every civilized coun- 
try, and distinguished contributors from all parts of the world 
accepted the invitation to the symposium, and portrayed their 
views on the all-absorbing subject of the ideal man and woman. 
Words of wisdom came to the young American from some of the 
wisest and most thoughtful people now living ; human nature's 
best qualities were set forth by clergymen, anthropologists, philoso- 
phers, psychologists, poets, generals, novelists, eminent women, 
and society leaders, and we were told how to improve ourselves 
mentally and physically, socially, morally, and spiritually. 

HOW TO REACH IT. 

Almost every one of the contributors agrees that, first of all, in 
order to hope to reach perfection, health of mind and body is ab- 
solutely essential. Then comes self-development. Clearly, co- 
gently, tersely, and incisively it is shown that the heart must be 

8 



INTRODUCTION. 

pure and have a love for all things that are lovely ; that one must 
have the courage to do and dare in the cause of truth, honesty, 
and justice ; that all forms of intemperance must be avoided, 
egotism suppressed, and lofty self-denial practiced. Among the 
virtues of the perfected man enumerated by the eminent men and 
women are energy, bravery, generosity, geniality, prudence, faith, 
charity, and loyalty. 

Faults, if they exist, must be conquered, the desire for revenge 
repressed, and exalted ideas of life's purposes formed and nour- 
ished. Forbearance is shown to be a sparkling gem of human 
nature and therefore a quality worthy of possession. 

Mental and physical forces in the perfect man, these writers 
demonstrate, should be harmonized, the baser impulses kept in 
subjection to the higher, and all the faculties simultaneously and 
impartially developed. Young Americans are advised, among 
other things, to yield to passions of sympathy rather than to pas- 
sions of antagonism, to strengthen their memories, develop their 
reasoning powers, and to live for others as well as themselves. 
Strive to become models of human excellence. 

These views as to the ideal man are portrayed vividly, earnestly, 
and with eloquence, while the best types of men and women are 
named as models of excellence, moral and physical. 

Even-body can make themselves better, and the symposium 
forcibly illustrates the manner in which it can be done. Crdtiva- 
tion of heart, mind, and body is necessary in order to attain per- 
fection, and our contributors show just what qualities should be 
either nurtured or repressed. 

Americans cannot fail to be awakened to the imperative need of 
a higher education after reading the gems of thought from these 
eminent persons. It should inspire them with new ambitions, new 
hopes, new aspirations, new conceptions of life, and a determina- 
tion to become stronger, braver, purer, more noble. 

9 



INTRODUCTION. 



THE FOUR THINGS. 



" As for me," replies one, " I go in for the great things — wealth 
or power or fame or happiness." 

Yon may go in for any one of them, if yon go in at the right 
gate. Any one of these may be reached if yon take the right path. 

Do yon desire money, health, comfort, independence ? Take the 
path of work, honesty, and temperance. Do yon want love and 
pleasure ? Take the path of refinement, sympathy, and altruism. 
Do yon prefer power, honor, position, triumph, towering success ? 
Take the path of energy and enterprise, self-control and self-respect. 
Do yon thirst for fame, glory, eternal life, peace of mind, everlast- 
ing bliss ? Take the path of serious study, enthusiasm, and purity 
of heart. 

" After all, we shall leave the world just as stupid and just as 
bad as we found it," wrote one of the encyclopedists a hundred 
years ago. We Americans to-day have an immense advantage 
over the encyclopedists, for we are building a new world. Must we 
build it just as stupid and just as bad after all ? Can we not build 
it wiser and better 1 Can we not build it stronger and cleaner ? 

We have ever before us the two images : the old man, the man 
of the past, and the new man, the man of the future. That the 
old man was bad, stupid, and weak, we well know ; shall we make 
the new man, the young, godlike man, the man of the future, better 
in every particular ? Cleaner, stronger, better, and nobler in body, 
cleaner, stronger, better, and nobler in mind? Let us have a 
better man in America, a better kind of man than the world has 
yet seen. 

This book is intended as a guide to the conduct of life — a man- 
ual, a handbook of practical ethics. An endeavor has been made 
to bring out a world's consensus of opinion on the question of 
questions — how to make a better man. 

10 




PART I. THINKERS AND MEN OF SCIENCE. 



Opinions of Theologians, Philosophers, Psychologists, Anthropologists, 
Physiologists and others. 

CHAPTER PAGE 

I. ARCHDEACON FARRAR, 

Cultivate that which is pure, good and beautiful .... 23 

II. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, 

A cool head and a warm heart 29 

III. NOAH PORTER, D. D., 

Love nature and all good things 41 

IV. PAUL TOPINARD, M. D., 

Man in nature, — a rising scale 47 

L. MANOUVRIER, 

The man of the future 49 

ALFRED BINET, 

Discipline the mind,— Education not Instruction 50 

GUSTAVE BELOT, 

Elevate the race rather than the individual 52 

V. R. HEBER NEWTON, D. D., 

A sound character back of all 57 

B. F. DE COSTA, D. D., 

A high, disinterested aim 59 

CHARLES A. EATON, D. D., 

Coordination of physical, mental and moral powers ... 62 

VI. DR. W. PREYER, 

Man a creator. Perfection as an exact science 65 

DR. LUDVIG BUCHNER, 

The coming man in America 70' 

9 



CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER PAGE 

VII. DR. HAROLD HOFFDING, 

Energy the first condition 77 

VIII. PROF. JOHN BASCOM, 

Cultivate the physical, intellectual, spiritual 83 

PROF. WILLIAM JAMES, 

Give the young American more out-door life 86 

PROF. MARK J. BALDWIN, 

The coordinating centers of powers 92 

IX. PROF. C/ESAR LOMBROSO, 

Genius and sanctity . . . . 99 

PROF. PAOLO MANTEGAZZA, 

Work for universal happiness 105 

X. DR. HENRY MAUDSLEY, 

Cultivate strength 115 

XI. GLADSTONE AND HUXLEY, 

Maxims from living men 121 

XII. BISHOP J. L. SPALDING, 

Develop all the faculties 127 

RICHARD H. CLARKE, LL. D., 

The national character 128 

Extracts from Catholic Writings ,132 

XIII. REV. G. GOTTHEIL, 

The more we advance, the harder the task 137 

Jewish Maxims from the Talmud 140 

FELIX ADLER, 

The Ethical culture .141 

XIV. DR. WILLIAM A. HAMMOND, 

A strong brain. All things weak are bad 149 

PROF. E. D. COPE, 

Strong emotional and rational faculties 151 

DR. S. V. CLEVENGER, 

People become better through intelligence 155 

FRANCIS G. GALTON, F. R. S., 

"Eugenics." How to improve the race 160 

XV. HERBERT SPENCER, ALEX. BAIN, AND JAMES MARTINEAU, 

Moral truths from living authorities 161 

XVI. BISHOP F. D. HUNTINGTON, 

The fulfillment of Destiny 173 

BISHOP G. F. SEYMOUR, 

The Christian standpoint 175 

10 



CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER PAGE 

XVII. GRANT ALLEN, 

A well-balanced body 181 

HAVELOCK ELLIS, 

"World enough and time 186 

XVIII. REV. 0. B. FROTHINGHAM, 

Through natural laws 191 

REV. M. J. SAVAGE, 

The heart that loves all lovely things 195 

REV. J. W. CHADWICK, 

Cherish generous ideas 198 

XIX. REV. THOMAS K. BEECHER, 

Infinite variety 203 

Beecher Maxims. H. B. Stowe, T. K. Beecher, H. W. Beecher. .204 
XX. PROF. JACOB MOLESCHOTT, 

Harmony of mind, heart and taste 209 

COUNT DE GUBERNATIS, 

A noble education , 211 

XXI. PROF. B. A. HINSDALE, 

Well-balanced body and mind 215 

PROF. JOSEPH JASTROW, 

Mental pliability 217 

DR. D. A. SARGENT, 

Elevate the race 220 

XXII. PRES. CHAS. W. ELIOT, 

A superior education for all 225 

PRES. TIMOTHY DWIGHT, 

Interest in education 229 

PRES. FRANCIS L PATTON, 

Literature the best culture 235 

XXIII. PRES. SETH LOW, 

Columbia teaches political science 245 

PRES. C. K. ADAMS, 

Develop the moral side ,247 

PRES. E. B. ANDREWS, 

Study ethics and sociology 248 

CHANCELLOR H. M. MACCRACKEN, 

Too much arithmetic, too little training 252 

PROVOST WILLIAM PEPPER, 

Self-denial and self-respect 254 

PRES. G. STANLEY HALL, 

Health is chief 255 

11 



CONTENTS. 



PART II. MEN OF LETTERS. 

Opinions of Poets, Novelists, Editors, Scholars, Critics, Philologists 

and others. 

CHAPTER p AGE 

XXIV. PROF. MAX MULLER, 

Truth in the inward parts 26a 

Maxims from Immanuel Kant . . , .267 

XXV. PROF. JOHN STUART BLACKIE, 

A balance of forces — Reason must control 273 

XXVI. JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS, 

Robust character — The formation of self 281 

XXVII. TAINE AND RUSKIN, 

Maxims from eminent living critics 287 

XXVIII. CHARLES A. DANA, 

What is genius ? A truly American ideal 295 

XXIX. ARLO BATES, 

Reason and will ; individualism 301 

N. K. ROYSE, 

Optimism — A plain talk to young men 302 

XXX. JULIAN HAWTHORNE, 

Learn how to live 307 

XXXI. THEO L CUYLER AND T. DEWITT TALMAGE, 

Living words from great preachers 313 

XXXII. J. RUSSELL LOWELL, 

Elevation of mind 321 

XXXIII. JAMES PARTON, 

Act from principle 329 

XXXIV. ROBERT BUCHANAN, 

Sympathy with life. — Insight not intellect 335 

A. CANON DOYLE, 

Broader culture = 337 

EDWIN JOHNSON, 

Speak the truth of experience 338 

ALFRED T. STORY, 

The two fringes of society 340 

OSWALD CRAWFURD, 

The highest strength — brain, will, muscle 342 

12 



CHAPTER 
XXXV. 



XXXVI. 
XXXVII. 

XXXVIII. 

XXXIX. 



XL. 

XLI. 

XLII. 

XLIII. 



XLIV. 

XLV. 

XLVI. 

XLVII. 

XLVIII. 



CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

EDOUARD ROD, 

Action the ideal 351 

ARSENE HOUSSAYE, 

Love 353 

HECTOR MALOT, 

Create what we want 355 

French Maxims. Various Authors 357 

GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS, 

Greater accuracy and precision 361 

E. C. STEDMAN, 

Be fair and just 367 

VASALI VERESTCHAGIN, 

Moderation in all things 373 

DR. WILLIAM B. NEFTEL, 

Bepublican principles and virtues 375 

Russian Maxims ' 377 

DR. J. M. GUARDIA, 

Truth, liberty and right 381 

Spanish Maxims 385 

WALT WHITMAN, 

The civilized world working toward the answer 389 

HENRY DRUMMOND AND C. H. SPURGEON, 

Living words from eminent teachers 395 

PROF. JAMES LEGGE, 

What China can teach us 403 

Chinese Maxims 405 

DR. H. C. DUBOSE, 

Chinese Ethics 406 

Moral Precepts from Persia 407 

DR. OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, 

Observation. Nature, art, humanity 411 

PROF. EDWARD DOWDEN, 

"The Godlike." Wide world and broad life 419 

BJORNSTJERNE BJORNSON, 

Faithfulness to a high purpose 429 

P. G. HAMERTON, 

Efficiency for self and others 435 

ROSSITER JOHNSON, 

Emulate the best examples in American history 445 

13 



CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER PAGE 

XLVIII. EDGAR FAWCETT, 

Altruism ... 446 

LAURENCE HUTTON, 

The practical man 447 

XLIX. DR. TITUS MUNSON COAN, 

Goethe as the ideal 451 

Goethe Maxims 45£ 

L. EDWARD E. HALE, D. D, T. T. MUNGER, D. D., WILLIAM 
MATTHEWS, LL. D. ( AND N. P. GILMAN, 
Live maxims by American authors 457 

Retrospective. Maxims by Benj. Franklin and Jona. Edwards .465 
LI. EDMUND GOSSE, HENRY IRVING, DOUGLAS SLADEN, W. E. 
NORRIS, JEROME ALLEN, W. W. IRELAND, EDWIN L 
ARNOLD, G. SERGi, B. F. LIEBER, JOSEPH PARKER, 
CHARLES BARNARD, 

"Opinions in brief" 471 



PART III. MEN OF ACTION. 

Opinions of Statesmen, Orators, Lawyers, Bankers and others. 

LI I. HON. A. J. BALFOUR, 

Sympathy the most potent factor 481 

SIR F. F. BUXTON, 

Maxims for men of action 484 

LIN. MAJ.-GEN. G. G. ALEXANDER, 

Personal virtue 487 

THOMAS HUGHES AND CUNNINGHAM GEIKIE, D. D., 

Maxims by living men 489 

LIV. CHARLES BUXTON, 

English maxims 491 

LV. CHARLES HENRY HAM, 

Labor is life. A New World ideal 499 

LVI. SAMUEL LAING, 

All faculties must balance 507 

SAMUEL SMILES, Sound maxims 50£ 

LVII. HON. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW, 

Do the best we can 517 

14 



CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER PAGE 

LVIII. HENRY M. STANLEY, 

The best types ; — have most virtues and least faults. .523 
T. W. HIGGINSON AND JOHN BURROUGHS, 

Extracts from living writers 525 

lix. ward McAllister, 

The drawing-room ideal 529 

LX. E.J. HARDY AND HAIN FRISWELL, 

English maxims. Living maxims from popular authors 535 
LXI. G. W. CHILDS, 

Be your own architect 541 

LXII. LORD RANDOLPH CHURCHILL, EX-GOV. GEORGE HOADLY, 
HON. C. VANCOTT, GEN. DANIEL BUTTERFIELD, HENRY 
CLEWS, DR. H. R. HOPKINS, Opinions in brief 547 



PART IV. EMINENT WOMEN. 

Opinions of Eminent Women — Authors, Philanthropists, 
Social Leaders and others. 

LXIII. MME. CLEMENCE ROYER, 

Curiosity for truth 555 

LXIV. HARRIET P. SPOFFORD, 

Absolute unselfishness 561 

GAIL HAMILTON, 

Opinions in brief 563 

LXV. MRS. E. S. MEAD, 

The American girl. More height and depth wanted.. 567 
EDITH THOMAS, 

The Shakespearean ideal 568 

LXVI. MISS FRANCES E. WILLARD, 

Self-surrender and faith 573 

LXVII. MRS. JOHN SHERWOOD, 

American culture 583 

LXVII!. GRACE GREENWOOD, 

Gentleness and integrity 585 

LXIX. AGNES REPPLIER, 

The classics would be an advantage 589 

GRACE H. DODGE AND LITA ANGELICA RICE, 

Wisdom from women 590 

15 



CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER PAGE 

LXX. BLANCHE WILLIS HOWARD, 

A higher plane of civilization 593 

LXXI. MRS. VAN RENSSELAER CRUGER (JULIEN GORDON), 

Perfection of the body 597 

LXXII. MISS MARIETTA KIES, Think 603 

ROSE ELIZABETH CLEVELAND, Work 605 

LXXI 1 1. MRS. J. C. CROLY (JENNIE JUNE), 

Depend on your own resources 609 

JULIA WARD HOWE, MRS. M.V. TERHUNE (MARION HAR- 
LAND), ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, 

Live maxims by famous women 611 

LXXIV. ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS WARD, 

Morality and religion 615 

General Summary 617 

Bibliography. Literature for Culture and Training 636 



MAXIMS AND MOTTOES. 



Aytown, William E., 278. Lowell, J. R., 54, 74, 96, 278, 504. 

Alger, Horatio, 346. Lombard, J. K., 370. 

Arnold, Matthew, 384, 504. Larcom, Lucy, 606. 

Beecher Maxims, 204. Meredith, Owen, 74, 96, 384. 

Browning, Robert, 370, 384, 468, 504, 558, 606. Macauley, T. B., 96. 

Browning, E. B., 96. Muller, Max, 292. 

Bryant, W. C, 74, 468. Montgomery, James, 292. 

Bailey, 616. Morgan, Mary (Gowan Lea), 558. 

Chinese Maxims, 403. Persian Moral Precepts, 407. 

Cornwall, Barry, 74. Preston, Margaret J., 558, 606. 

CLOUGH, A. H., 278, 504, 616. RUSSIAN MAXIMS, 375. 

Dorr, Julia C. R., 606. Stedman, E. C, 368. 

Elliot, George, 558, 606. Shelley, Percy B., 346, 370. 

Emerson, R. W., 370, 384, 468, 504. Spanish Maxims, 381. 

Eaton, A. W. H., 54. Stoddard, R. H., 278. 

French Maxims, 355. Smiles, Samuel, Maxims, 507. 

Goethe Maxims, 450, 616. Schiller, 278, 384, 616. 

Howard, Blanche Willis, 616. Tennyson, Alfred, 74, 370, 468, 504, 558. 

Holmes, O. W., 558, 606. Taylor, Bayard, 74. 

HAZLITT, 292. THOREAU, 54. 

Ingelow, Jean, 558. Whitman, Walt, 74, 370. 

Jewish Maxims, 40. Whittier, J. G., 96, 370, 384, 468, 504. 

Kant, Immanuel, 267. Webster, Daniel, 346. 

Kingsley, Charles, 278. Wordsworth, Wm., 246. 
Longfellow, H. W. , 54, 74, 96, 278, 292, 346, 616. 

16 



1 




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I. 
MANHOOD IN PERFECTION. 

REV. FREDERIC WILLIAM FARRAR, 

London, England, 
Scholar, Author, Archdeacon of Westminster, London. 



21 



A PURE IMAGINATION. 

CULTIVATE THAT WHICH IS PURE, GOOD, AND BEAUTIFUL. 
BUILD A TEMPLE IN WHICH THE DIVINE SPIRIT MAT DWELL. 



FREDERIC WILLIAM FARRAR. 

The Venerable Archdeacon, writes : 

5^HAT man approaches most nearly to such perfection 
r ^^ as is attainable in human life 

"Whose body has been kept in vigorous health by tem- 
perance, soberness and chastity ; 

Whose mind is a rich store-house of the wisdom learned 
both from experience and from the noblest thoughts which 
his fellow-men have uttered ; 

Whose imagination is a picture gallery of all things 
pure and beautiful ; 

Whose conscience is at peace with itself, with G-od, and 
with all the world, and 

In whose spirit the Divine Spirit finds a fitting temple 
wherein to dwell. _ 



WIjuLaJlc & ^JdJi/LoJL . 



SUMMARY. 



Vigorous Health. 
Temperance. 
Soberness. 

Clear Conscience. 
Chastity. 



Wisdom from Experience. 
Wisdom from Reading. 
Pure Imagination. 
Divide Spirit. 

23 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Frederic William Farrar was born in the Fort, Bombay, August 7, 1831. 
He was educated at King William's College, in the Isle of Man, King's Col- 
lege, London, and at the University of London, where he graduated B.A. in 
1850, and was appointed a University scholar in 1852. In 1854 he was 
ordained deacon by the Bishop of Salisbury, and in 1857 was ordained priest 
by the Bishop of Ely. He was assistant master at Harrow, and Head Master 
at Marlborough College from 1871 to 1876 ; was honorary chaplain to the 
Queen from 1869 to 1873, when he was nominated one of Her Majesty's Chap- 
lains in ordinary. In 1876 he was appointed canon of Westminster Abbey, 
and rector of St. Margaret's, and Archdeacon of Westminster in 1883. Dr. 
Farrar is the author of three books for boys, "Eric, or Little by Little," 
"Julian Howe," and "St. Winifred's, or the World of School." Some of his 
more serious works are "The Origin of Language," " The Fall of Man and 
other Sermons," " The Life of Christ," "Life of St. Paul," and "The Early 
Days of Christianity," and he has contributed to various cyclopedias. Dr. 
Farrar is Honorary Chaplain of the 2d Volunteer Battalion Royal Fusiliers.] 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS, 

In a sermon on " Sincerity of Heart," Archdeacon Farrar speaks 
of Intemperance, Impnrity, Hatred, and Greed, and says : " We 
can only begin to do Christ's work, in striving to make his world 
better, by personal innocence, personal holiness — to do good we mnst 
be good. When any one is a truly good man ... his mere 
unconscious influence, his mere passive character becomes a bless- 
ing to others, and without any conscious endeavor he still drops 
his little quota into the stream of the world's improvement." 

In another sermon he says : "It may be . . . that we 
ought to be willing to resign happiness and look for blessedness 
instead. Why should we not try, each in our own little sphere, 
to make the world better for us ? . . . If this seems too grand 
an aim for our feebleness, can we not at least try to be ourselves 

24 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

humble and forgiving, diligent and faithful, kind and pure of 
heart?" 

In the sermon entitled " The Triple Sanctification," he speaks of 
body, soul, spirit. Temperance, soberness, chastity sum up our 
duties to the first ; to the second belong morality and religion, the 
desires and affections being fixed on God. By the spirit is meant 
reason and conscience, which should be the supreme guide in life. 

In another sermon he speaks of the path from innocence to sin, 
from sin to sorrow, from sorrow to repentance, and among the 
last words are these : 

" Be brave, be honest, be pure, and no real evil can befall you." 

Other thoughts are taken from various of his works. 

The test of sincerity is fruitfulness. 

Labor for God is the best cure for sorrow and the best occupa- 
tion of life. 

The true end of knowledge is not curiosity, is not vanity, is not 
profit, but it is that we may build up others . . . it is that 
we may build up ourselves. . . . 

Your heart is nobler than your acts, your nature truer than your 
conduct, and that is and will be your punishment. 

Man is far too mean a creatine to be justified in withholding 
forgiveness for any personal wrong. 

At the universities . . . the aristocracy of intellect and 
character are almost solely recognized. 

Go forth into the roaring, surging streets of any of our great 
cities, and how many are there of these careworn myriads who are 
not full of a restless and devouring anxiety about the concerns of 
this life — of this brief day which in an hour or two will surely 
plunge into irrevocable night ? 

Two classes of interests daily appeal to us with intense persist- 
ence — the lower and the higher; the earthly and the divine; 
those of the animal and those of the spiritual nature. On the one 

25 



FREDERICK WILLIAM FARRAR, 

side money, self-importance, power, comfort, pleasure, grasp ns 
with the attraction of their nearness and of their coarse reality ; 
on the other hand, calling to us with sweet far voices from the 
invisible world, are grace, contentment, trust, duty, thankfulness 
for undeserved mercies, a desire to give rather than to receive, the 
holy readiness to spend and be spent for the good of others, not 
our own. 

To despair of America would be to despair of humanity. 



26 



II. 
FUNDAMENTAL QUALITIES. 

SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, M.P., F.R.S., LL.D., 

London, Eng., 

Naturalist, Ethnologist, Anthropologist, Educator, Member of 
Parliament. 



27 



A COOL HEAD AND A WARM HEART. 

WITHOUT A WARM HEART YOU ARE SURE TO BE SELFISH. 
BE ON GUARD EVEN AGAINST YOUR BEST INTENTIONS. 



SIR JOHN LUBBOCK writes: 

HH COOL head, a warm heart, a sound judgment, a 
S§II healthy body. Without a cool head we are apt to 
form hasty conclusions; without a warm heart we are 
sure to be selfish ; without a sound body we can do but 
little ; while even the best intentions without sound judg- 
ment may do more harm than good. 



(^Ua^^Ul\Jj\/^^ 






SUMMARY. 

Sound Judgment. 

Healthy Body. 
Cool Head. 

Warm Heart. 
29 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

[Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., LL.D., born in London, 1834, son 
and heir of Sir John William Lubbock, a gentleman eminent as an astronomer 
and mathematician. The son was educated at a private school and at Eton, 
became partner in a Lombard Street bank in 1856, was made president of the 
Institute of Bankers and member of the Public School Commission. He has 
been president of the Linnean Society, the Entomological and Ethnological 
Societies, and of the Anthropological Institute, has been three times elected 
to Parliament, where he now sits. In the House of Commons has spoken 
principally on financial and educational subjects. He has been trustee of the 
British Museum and Vice-Chancellor of the University of London. The 
University of Dublin conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. ; is also D.C.L. 
of Oxford and M.D. of Wiirzburg. The works by which he has most distin- 
guished himself are " Prehistoric Times," 1865; "Origin of Civilization and 
Primitive Condition of Man," 1870 ; " The Origin and Metamorphoses of 
Insects," 1874 ; " On British Wild Flowers Considered in Relation to Insects," 
1875 ; a volume of Lectures and Addresses, a volume of Scientific Lectures, 
Ants, Bees, and Wasps," 1881 ; "Senses and Instincts of Animals," 1888. In 
an address in 1881 Sir John sums up the progress of fifty years : the theory of 
evolution, the conservation of energy, spectrum analysis, higher algebra and 
geometry — the applications of science to practical life in photography, the 
locomotive, the telegraph, the spectroscope, the electric light, and the 
telephone. "The prospects for the future," he adds, "were never more 
encouraging." The temptation to military ambition, the tendency to over- 
interference by the State, the spirit of anarchy and socialism, however, are 
dangers.] 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WRITINGS, 

THE VALUE OF TIME. 

Time is often said to be money, but it is more — it is life ; and 
yet many who would cling desperately to life, think nothing of 
wasting time. 

And yet some people are dull. They talk of a better world to 
come, while whatever dulness there may be here is all their own. 
Sir Arthur Helps has well said: "What! dull, when you do not 
know what gives its loveliness of form to the lily, its depth of color 
to the violet, its fragrance to the rose ; when you do not know in 

30 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

what consists the venom of the adder, any more than you can 
imitate the glad movements of the dove. What ! dull, when earth, 
air, and water are all ahke mysteries to you, and when you stretch 
out your hand you do not touch anything the properties of which 
you have mastered ; while all the time Nature is inviting you to 
talk earnestly with her, to understand her, to subdue her, and to 
be blessed by her ! Go away, man ; learn something, do something, 
understand something, and let me hear no more of your dulness." 
Time, indeed, is a sacred gift, and each day is a little life. 

SCIENCE. 

Those who have not tried for themselves can hardly imagine how 
much science adds to the interest and variety of life. It is alto- 
gether a mistake to regard it as dry, difficult, or prosaic — much of 
it is as easy as it is interesting. A wise instinct of old united 
the prophet and the "seer." Technical works, descriptions of 
species, etc., bear the same relation to science as dictionaries do to 
literature. 

Botany, for instance, is by many regarded as a dry science. Yet 
without one may admire flowers and trees as one may admire a 
great man or a beautiful woman whom one meets in a crowd ; but 
it is as a stranger. The botanist, on the contrary — nay, I will not 
say the botanist, but one with even a slight knowledge of that 
delightful science — when he goes out into the woods or into one of 
those fairy forests which we call fields, finds himself welcomed by 
a glad company of friends, every one with something interesting 
to tell. 

Lord Chesterfield's wise wish, that Minerva might have three 
graces as well as Venus, has been amply fulfilled. 

The study of natural history, indeed, seems destined to replace 
the loss of what is, not very happily, I think, termed " sport." 

The great gift which Minerva offered to Paris, is now freely ten- 

31 



SIR JOHN LUBBOCK. 

dered to all, for we may apply to the nation, as well as to the indi- 
vidual, Tennyson's noble lines : — 

" Self -reverence, self-knowledge, self-control: 
These three alone lead life to sovereign power, 
Yet not for power (power of herself 
Would come uncalled for), "but to live "by law ; 
Acting the law we live by without fear." 

EDUCATION. 

... it is far more important to cultivate the mind than to store 
the memory. Studies are a means and not an end. 

. . . yet education might surely do more to root in us the feeling 

of unity with our fellow-creatures ; at any rate, if we do not study 

in this spirit, all our learning will but leave us as weak and sad as 

Faust. 

" I've now, alas ! Philosophy, 
Medicine and Jurisprudence too, 
And to my cost Theology ; 
With ardent labor studied through, 
And here I stand, with all my lore 
Poor fool, no wiser than before." 

" Mr. Galton, however, has expressed the opinion, and most of 
those who have written on the social condition of Athens seem to 
agree with him, that the population of Athens, taken as a whole, 
was as superior to us as we are to Australian savages.'' 

That there is, indeed, some truth in this probably no student of 
Greek history will deny. Why, then, should this be so ? I cannot 
but think that our system of education is partly responsible. 

It is the latter which we advocate — to try to know, as Lord 
Brougham well said, " everything of something, and something of 
everything." 

Our great mistake in education is, as it seems to me, the worship 
of book-learning — the confusion of instruction and education. 
We strain the memory instead of cultivating the mind. 

32 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

Moreover, whatever our occupation or profession in life may be, 
it is most desirable to create for ourselves some other special in- 
terest. 

HEALTH. 

Mr. Gladstone has told us that the splendid health he enjoys is 
greatly due to his having early learnt one simple physiological 
maxim, and laid it down as a rule for himself always to make 
twenty-five bites at every bit of meat. 

Those who live in cities may almost lay it down as a rule that 
no time spent out of doors is ever wasted. Fresh air is a cordial 
of incredible virtue ; old f amilies are in all senses country families, 
not town families ; and those who prefer Homer and Plato and 
Shakespeare to hares and partridges and foxes, must beware that 
they are not tempted to neglect this great requisite of our nature. 

Men, like trees, live in great part on air. 

After a gallop over the downs, a row on the river, a sea voyage, 
a walk by the seashore or in the woods, one feels as if one could 
say with Henry IV., " Je me porte comme le Pont Xeuf ." 

When we consider the marvellous complexity of our bodily 
organization, it seems a miracle that we should live at all. Think 
of the large number of bones in the human body, the muscles, the 
glands, the miles of arteries and veins, of capillaries and nerves, of 
the blood corpuscles, of the organs of sense, and above all, and 
most wonderful of all, the brain itself. And yet, with reasonable 
care, we can most of us keep this wonderful organization in health, 
so that it will work without causing us pain, or even discomfort, 
for many years. 

LOVE. 

Love is the light and sunshine of life. 

But at the present moment I am speaking rather of the love 
which leads to marriage. Such love is the music of life. 

Love and Reason divide the life of man. We must give to each 

33 



SIR JOHN LUBBOCK. 

its due. If it is impossible to attain to virtue by the aid of Reason 
without Love, neither can we do so by means of Love alone with- 
out Reason. 

ART. 

The highest service, however, that Art can accomplish for man 
is to become, as Haweis says, "at once the voice of his nobler 
aspirations, and the steady disciplinarian of his emotions ; and it 
is with this mission, rather than with any aesthetic perfection, that 
we are at present concerned." 

POETRY. 

After the disastrous defeat of the Athenians before Syracuse, 
Plutarch tells us that the Sicilians spared those who could repeat 
any of the poetry of Euripides. 

Nowadays we are none of us likely to owe our lives to Poetry 
in this sense, yet in another we many of us owe to it a similar debt. 
How often, when worn with overwork, sorrow, or anxiety, have 
we taken down Homer or Horace, Shakespeare or Milton, and felt 
the clouds gradually roll away, the jar of nerves subside, the con- 
sciousness of power replace physical exhaustion, and the darkness 
of despondency brighten once more into the light of life. 

The inestimable treasures of Poetry again are open to all of us. 
The best books are indeed the cheapest. For the price of a little 
beer, a little tobacco, we can buy Shakespeare or Milton — or indeed 
almost as many books as a man can read with profit in a year. 

" Poetry," Arnold says, " attaches its emotion to the idea ; the 
idea is the fact. The strongest part of our religion to-day is its 
unconscious Poetry. We should conceive of Poetry worthily, and 
more highly than it has been the custom to conceive of it." 

Poetry has been well called the record " of the best and happiest 
moments of the happiest and best minds " ; it is the light of life, 
the very " image of life expressed in its eternal truth " ; it immor- 

34 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

talizes all that is best and most beautiful in the world ; " it purges 
from our inward sight the film of familiarity which obscures from 
us the wonder of our being" ; "it is the centre and circumference 
of knowledge " ; and poets are " mirrors of the gigantic shadows 
which futurity casts upon the present." 

Poetry, in effect, lengthens lif e ; it creates for us time, if time be 
realized as the succession of ideas, and not of minutes ; it is the 
" breath and finer spirit of all knowledge " ; it is bound neither by 
time nor space, but lives in the spirit of man. What greater 
praise can be given than the saying that life should be Poetry put 
into action. 

THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 

. . . any attempt, however imperfect, to sketch the blessings of 
life must contain some special reference to this lovely world itself, 
which the Greeks happily called Koa/uog — beauty. 

Many of us, however, walk through the world like ghosts, as if 
we were in it, but not of it. We have " eyes and see not, ears and 
hear not." 

The love of Nature is a great gift, and if it is frozen or crushed 
out, the character can hardly fail to suffer from the loss.. 

. . . killing animals is not the way to get the greatest enjoyment 
from them. How much more interesting would every walk in the 
country be if Man would but treat other animals with kindness, so 
that they might approach us without fear, and we might have the 
constant pleasure of watching their winning ways. Their origin 
and history, structure and habits, senses and intelligence, offer an 
endless field of interest and wonder. 

The richness of life is wonderful. Any one who will sit down 
quietly on the grass and watch a little will be indeed surprised at 
the number and variety of living beings, every one with a special 
history of its own, every one offering endless problems of great 
interest. 

35 



SIR JOHN LUBBOCK. 

" If indeed thy heart were right, then would every creature be 
to thee a mirror of life, and a book of holy doctrine." 

THE TROUBLES OF LIFE. 

There are two noble sayings of Socrates, that to do evil is more 
to be avoided than to suffer it ; and that when a man has done 
evil, it is better for him to be punished than to be unpunished. 

We generally speak of selfishness as a fault, and as if it inter- 
fered with the general happiness. But this is not altogether cor- 
rect. 

The pity is that so many people are f oolishly selfish : that they 
pursue a course of action which neither makes themselves nor any 
one else happy. 

" Every man," says Goethe, " ought to begin with himself, and 
make his own happiness first, from which the happiness of the 
whole world would at last unquestionably follow." It is easy to 
say that this is too broadly stated, and of course exceptions might 
be pointed out. 

It would be a great thing if people could be brought to realize 
,that they can never add to the sum of their happiness by doing 
wrong. 

It is a beautiful idea that every man has with him a Guardian 
Angel ; and it is true too : for Conscience is ever on the watch, 
ever ready to warn us of danger. 

But perhaps it will be said that we are sent here in preparation 
for another and a better world. Well, then, why should we com- 
plain of what is but a preparation for future happiness f 

THE HOPE OF PROGRESS. 

There are two lines, if not more, in which we may look forward 
with hope to progress in the future. In the first place, increased 
knowledge of nature, of the properties of matter, and of the 

36 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

phenomena which snrround us, may afford to our children advan- 
tages far greater even than those which we ourselves enjoy. 
Secondly, the extension and improvement of education, the in- 
creasing influence of Science and Art, of Poetry and Music, of 
Literature and Religion, — of all the powers which are tending to 
good, will, we may reasonably hope, raise man and make him more 
master of himself, more able to appreciate and enjoy his advan- 
tages, and to realize the truth of the Italian proverb, that wherever 
light is, there is joy. 

The Hindoos have a theory that after death animals live again 
in a different form ; those that have done well in a higher, those 
that have done ill in a lower grade. To realize this is, they find, a 
powerful incentive to a virtuous life. But whether it be true of a 
future life or not, it is certainly true of our present existence. If 
we do om* best for a day, the next morning we shall rise to a 
higher life ; while if we give way to our passions and temptations, 
we take with equal certainty a step downwards towards a lower 
nature. 

Om* life is surrounded with mystery, our very world is a speck 
in boundless space ; and not only the period of out* own individual 
life, but that of the whole human race is, as it were, but a moment 
in the eternity of time. We cannot imagine any origin, nor fore- 
see any conclusion. 

But though we may not as yet perceive any line of research 
which can give us a clue to the solution, in another sense we may 
hold that every addition to our knowledge is one small step towards 
the great revelation. 

THE CLASSICS AND SCIENCE. 

In his address on public school education he says : 
" To abandon the study of classical literature would be a fatal 
mistake, and one which men of science will never advocate. But 

37 



SIR JOHN LUBBOCK. 

is it the case that the classics have been found to suffer by the 
introduction of science ? Quite the contrary." 

At sixteen or seventeen one ought to know one modern language 
besides English and be well grounded in science j this will not in- 
terfere with either classics or mathematics. 



38 



III. 

INTERVIEW WITH THE 

EX-PRESIDENT OF YALE, 

NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D., 

New Haven, Conn., 
Author, Professor, a?id Ex-President of Yale University. 



39 




^V/foffl Sbotai. cx/ixmty /ox- "Jdcati o/^/c. " eh/iyvry/U J$<?2 6y <S. 3J. Sfaat. 




ADVANTAGES OF COUNTRY LIFE. 



LOVE NATURE AND ALL GOOD THINGS. 



EX-PRESIDENT NOAH PORTER 

was found at his home in New Haven. These questions were 
asked : — 

LOW shall we perfect the coming man? What 
£ point shall be insisted upon for the higher de- 
velopment of the young American? Shall it be 
piety or a good digestion ? All around athletics or 
the worship of beauty? How shall we bring about 
a renaissance in the coming generation — a new birth 
of heart and mind and bodily fibre? 
This was the reply : 

" Let the young man have contact with Nature. Give 
him the advantages of country life. If he can't love Nature, 
he can't love anything ; if he loves Nature, he will love all 
good things. Its study will lead him on the one hand to 
the physical sciences, and on the other to aesthetics. 
Wordsworth's mind was formed by contact with Nature." 
The Reverend Doctor further said: 
" There seems to be a striving all over the world at the 
present time for higher culture, a strong tendency to seek 
new means for the improvement of the race." 



c/r^cj^y^ 



SUMMARY. 

Nature. 

The Physical Sciences. 

^Esthetics. 

41 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Noah Porter was born in Farniington, Conn., December 14, 1811. He 
graduated from Yale in 1831, and was tutor there in 1833 ; was pastor of Con- 
gregational churches in New Milford, Conn., and in Springfield, Mass., from 
1836 to 1846 ; was then appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy and Meta- 
physics at Yale ; in 1871 he became president of Yale, resigning in 1886. He 
received the degree of D.D. from the University of the City of New York in 
1858, that of LL.D. from Edinburgh in 1886, from Western Eeserve College, 
Ohio, in 1870, and from Trinity in 1871. Among his published works are 
"The Educational Systems of the Puritans and Jesuits Compared," "The 
Human Intellect," "Sciences of Nature versus the Science of Man," "Evan- 
geline ; the Place, the Story, and the Poem " ; " The Elements of Moral 
Science, Theoretical and Practical," and "Life of Bishop Berkeley."] 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

THE SCIENCE OF NATURE VS. THE SCIENCE OF MAN. 

I awake from my musing, and abjuring any skepticism which 
I may have cherished, I confess my faith in modern science. 
Though hard-hearted as any metaphysician ought to be, I prostrate 
myself before her shrine — nay, so ardent is my neophytic zeal, that 
I am tempted to glorify the photographic spectrum into a fetish.' 7 

" I returned to my studies a wiser, perhaps a sadder man. To 
refresh and assure my bewildered spirit, I think of Socrates. . . ." 

Socrates, unlike the sophists, never discoursed on the nature of 
the Cosmos, but always on man. 

" Had a society of modern scientists sat in judgment, they for 
once would have been unanimous and voted thee worthy of death 
— For is it not now an exploded idea that man or what concerns 
him is better worth regarding than what was called nature by the 
sophists in the time of Socrates ? Is not man in danger of being 
eliminated out of the Cosmos ? " 

42 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

In his work on the Hnman Intellect, President Porter builds up 
the thinking soul of man story above story, thus : 

Presentation and Presentatiye Knowledge. — This is the 
story of observation, of sense perception, of touch, taste, smell, etc. 

Representation and Representative Knowledge. — This in- 
cludes memory, phantasy, and imagination. 

Thought and Thought Knowledge deals with judgment and 
reasoning. 

Intuition (the highest region of the mind) deals with first prin- 
ciples, Time and Space, Mind and Matter, Cause and the absolute. 

In his last great work, the " Elements of Moral Science," 1885, 
for the use of Yale students, he speaks of the Law of Honor, of 
the Conscience, of Toleration, and of Christian Morals. 

All Ethics is summed up in the word duty. Duty to ourselves, 
to our fellow-men, to friends, benefactors, enemies ; to family and 
kindred, to the state. Duties to animals are laid down also, as 
well as duties to Nature and to God. 

••Pleasure" is a low state. "Enjoyment." '-Satisfaction' 7 are 
scarcely higher; the terms -good" and ••well-being'' stand as the 
mean; "blessedness" and "happiness" are most elevated. 

NATURE. 

If there is any comprehensive duty which is written upon the 
earth and upon the sky in unmistakable characters, it is the duty 
to study the secrets of nature for the benefit and delight of man 
and the glory of God. 

We cannot here distinguish the practical and the scientific 
knowledge -of nature. If the one is obligatory, so is the other. 

43 



NOAH PORTER. 

We may not say that the knowledge which can be used in com- 
mon life is obligatory, while that which admits of no immediate 
application is of questionable authority, and perhaps is a waste of 
time or a perversion of the powers. Such a distinction cannot be 
maintained j for the reason that we never can be certain that any 
knowledge is useless, least of all any knowledge which concerns 
the world of matter or its secrets. The prosecution of the science 
of nature, when regarded from this light, becomes a duty. No 
limit can be prescribed to activities of this sort, especially since 
many of the remotest and most recondite facts and truths have 
been found to render the most important service to man. 

The pleasures which attend the knowledge of native, the con- 
sciousness of insight and of power which it gives, and the ethical 
lessons and habits which it imparts, enforce the acquisition of this 
knowledge as a duty upon every man to whom it is possible. The 
duty applies to every kind and degree of knowledge, from the 
most elementary to the most recondite. It also applies to all per- 
sons by whom such knowledge is attainable. No man or woman 
or child should remain ignorant of any fact or truth of nature 
which can be acquired in consistency with the claims of other 
duties. Nature is a book, ever open to all, which no one may 
neglect or refuse to read. To refuse is to rob one's self of con- 
scious insight and power. It is also to limit one's power to in- 
struct and enlighten others. It is to be ungrateful and unjust 
in the use of one's powers and opportunities. 

THE LAW OF HONOR. 

Among gentlemen, especially when "this grand old English 
word" is used in its higher signification, the law of honor respects 
far higher ends, and imposes rules of profounder significance. 
The three cardinal virtues which it recognizes and makes the most 
of are truth, courage, and courtesy, in speech, manners, and conduct. 

44 



IV. 



FROM EMINENT MEN OF SCIENCE 
IN FRANCE. 

DR. PAUL TOPIXARD, 
Director of the School of Anthropology, Paris, 

L. MANOUVRIER, 

Professor in the School of Anthropology, Paris. 

ALFRED BINET, 
Professor in the School of Medicine. Paris. 

GUSTAVE BELOT. 
Professor of Philosophy in Bordeaux. 



45 



MAN IN NATURE. 



A RISING SCALE. 



DR. PAUL TOPINARD, 




Director of the School of Anthropology, founded by Broca in 
Paris, writes : — 



plpl HE response to the question varies according to 
the point of view from which one regards it. 
$Jj$\ First, from the point of nature and of evolu- 

tion the most perfect man is one in whom all the or- 
gans are the most harmoniously adapted to the life 
which is proper to him. The bird flies, the fish swims, the 
horse is herbivorous and escapes his pursuer by the speed 
of his course ; the lion is carnivorous and muscular ; man 
thinks, creates, lives intellectually. Therefore the perfect 
man is he whose brain is the best organized to conceive 
and to will, the senses the most acute to bring him exter- 
nal impressions, the most dexterous hand to execute, the 
interior organs so satisfactory that he is not arrested in 
his career by the vile exigencies of his body. 

Second, from the personal and egotistic point of view 
the most perfect man is the preceding, but having such a 
superiority through all his organs, and specially through 
his brain, that he has the advantage at the same time over 
animals and over his own kind in the struggle for exist- 
ence. Not to speak of his own power to master to a cer- 
tain extent the physical elements of nature, thanks to his 
intelligence. This aptitude is his attribute par excellence. 

47 



PR. PAUL TOPLNARD. 

Third, from the point of view of general or social utility 
the perfect man is he who possesses sentiments that are 
the most necessary in common life — justice, family affec- 
tion, love for his kind, respect for the rights and beliefs of 
others, abnegation, personal dignity. 

Fourth, from the ideal point of view the superior man 
is a free-thinker who sees things under their exact aspect, 
who is neither a subjectivist, a systematist, nor an apriorist, 
and who detaches himself more in his judgments from all 
the inherited influences of his body, his accidental and 
individual education, and to the ancestral education ac- 
cumulated under the form of reflex action or hereditary 
instincts and beliefs. 

I have defined man — an animal, of common origin with 
the simiads, highly perfected, chiefly in his cerebral organ- 
ization and the ne phis ultra up to the present time of the 
creation. He is the " intellectual animal." The man act- 
ually the most perfect is he who within the healthiest 
body has the healthiest brain. {Bans le corps le plus sain 
a le cerveau le plus sain.) 



SUMMARY. 

Man, Animal. Well-organized Body. 

Man, Personal. Power over Nature. 
Man, Social. Dignity and Sociability. 

Man, Superior. Clear-sightedness. 

48 



THE MAN OF THE FUTURE. 

HIS FACE WILL BE MORE FEMININE THAN MASCULINE. 
L. MANOUVRIER, 

Professor in the School of Anthropology, Paris, writes : — 

^fgfffN order that man may become more god-like and 
^Bll.f- less brute-like he does not need to change ana- 
||2 tomicallv. Two men seemingly alike mav be 
extremely unlike in their moral value. It is not less 



i 



true that the moral evolution realized since the ori- 
gin of humanity, and which appears to be made parallel 
if not consecutively with the intellectual evolution, is ac- 
companied by a correlative anatomical evolution. 

This is characterized, notably, by a superior develop- 
ment of the frontal lobe of the brain and by a diminution 
of the face. 

One can thus foresee that these anatomical characters, 
more feminine than masculine, will be yet more accentu- 
ated in the man of the future, if the human evolution con- 
tinues to extend itself always in the same direction. 

To make a prognostic less ineoinplete and more precise, 
many ifs and buts would be necessary. The question is 
far from being as simple as it appears at first. 

Conclusion : — Let us make all effort to progress physi- 
ologically and morally. The anatomical result will not 
fail to conform to our progress, as it has already, without 
ever having been foreseen. 



c£ /fajUtauwitXi^ 



49 



DISCIPLINE THE MIND. 

EDUCATION, NOT INSTRUCTION. 



ALFRED BINET, 




Professor in L'Ecole de Medicine, Paris, author of well-known 
psychological, physiological, and anthropological works, 
writes : — 



'HE most important of the reforms that should be 
made in culture to give to the young men of the 
coming generations, in my opinion, is to reduce 
instruction to a minimum and to carry education to 
a maximum. An example will illustrate my idea. Let 
us take the most important faculty of the human mind — 
the memory. Developing the memory according to the 
actual methods of instruction consists simply in filling it, 
like a ship, with the largest number of works possible. 

The education of the memory should be another thing 
entirely ; it should purpose not only to fill the memory but 
to enlarge it, to render it exact, to correct its illusions — in 
a word, to make it a useful and sure implement for intel- 
lectual work. Many persons have an abundant memory, 
but it is vague and deceptive ; they do not learn how to 
distinguish between what they remember and what they 
imagine. Ask them to repeat exactly at the end of a few 
minutes a short story that you have read to them, and you 
will observe that without their knowledge they add to the 
story details of their own invention. These are the kind 
of defects that the education of the memory by repeated 

exercises should undertake to correct. 

50 



ALFRED BINET. 

It is the same with all the other faculties of the mind. 
To judge well, to reason well, to perceive correctly, and, 
in a more modest but quite as useful order, to rightly ap- 
preciate the dimensions of objects, the length of past time, 
to decide quickly between two ways, etc. Here are a mul- 
titude of faculties that should be acquired by the education 
of the mind and which instruction until now has been 
totally neglected. 



JfyuA. &««*& 



SUMMARY. 

Enlarge the Memory. 
Make it Exact. 
Correct its Illusions. 



51 



ELEVATE THE RACE RATHER THAN THE 
INDIVIDUAL. 



A PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW. 




M. GUSTAVE BELOT, 

Professor of Philosophy in Bordeaux, writes : — 

•N response to your question on the human ideal 
Ijjfep (IHdeal liamairi), here is what I would say : 

According to my view, the ideal human being 
is essentially social. It is, therefore, not only diffi- 
cult but impossible to define the ideal of man taken 
by himself ; one would thus obtain but an abstract defi- 
nition and one without value. A man who would be per- 
fect alone would be very imperfect in an imperfect society. 
We are obliged to limit and to stifle our compassion as 
long as beggary shall be a trade, our indulgence as long as 
pardon of the evil that is done us encourages injustice, the 
sentiment of brotherly love as long as there may be wars, 
and we must permit to remain a certain distrust as long 
as there are deceivers, a certain credulousness as long as 
the average man shall not be able to comprehend a moral 
without theological dogma, certain hates as long as there 
remain hostile parties. 

The officer is held down to a certain brutality in face of 
unintelligent soldiers, the professor remains ennuied before 
pupils incapable of interesting themselves in their studies, 
business men have to look sharp to gain in face of their 

competitors. Thus the morality and perfection of each 

52: 



GUSTAVE BELOT. 



depend on those of all, and the individual organization on 
the social organization. 

Can it even be defined perfection of the individual ! Can 
it even be proposed to him as a moral end except only as 
it might be looked upon as a condition of a more perfect 
social life ? It seems to me to be against the moral cur- 
rent to prescribe for man an individual ideal of perfection, 
as if the moral end of the individual, in a sense as lofty as 
one could desire, were to work for his own good. It is 
necessary to substitute the principle of social well-being 
for that of personal " salvation." 



IcMjlm 9.?M<vu Ifcjl 



^^ 




SUMMARY. 

Search for Truth. 



Keen Intelligence. 



Magnanimity. 



Liberality. 



Compassion. 
Indulgence. 
Brotherly Love. 
Trust and Confidence. 
Sweetness of Mind. 



53 



MOTTOES :— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 



Noble souls, through dust and heat, 

Rise from disaster and defeat 

The stronger ; 

And conscious still of the divine 

"Within them, lie on earth supine 

No longer. 

H. W. Longfellow. 

The busy world shoves angrily aside 

The man who stands with arms akimbo set 

Until occasion tells him what to do ; 

And he who waits to have his task marked out 

Shall die and leave his errand unfulfilled. 

J. R. Low ell. 

Some time, some time, 
The clouds of ignorance shall part asunder, 

And we shall see the fair, blue sky of truth 
Spangled with stars, and look with joy and wonder 
Up to the happy dreamlands of our youth, 
Where we may climb. 

Some time, some time, 
The passion of the heart we keep dissembling 

Shall free herself and rise on silver wing, 
And all these broken chords of music, trembling 

Deep in the soul, our lips shall learn to sing, 

A strain sublime. 

A. W. H. Eaton. 



Be not simply good, — be good for something. Tlwreau. 

54 



V. 



FROM PROMINENT NEW YORK 
CLERGYMEN. 

REV. HEBER NEWTON, 

New York. 

DR. B. F. DE COSTA, 

New York. 

DR. CHARLES EATON, 

New York. 



55 



A SOUND CHARACTER BACK OF ALL. 

EARNESTNESS IN THE TASK OF UP-BUILDING. 
DR. NEWTON'S 

condensed views are as follows : — 

'N response to yours of the 22d inst., I enclose the 
■ following brief reply. I do not quite see how I 
can make any lengthened comment without in- 
dulging in the natural temptation of the parson to 
write a sermon. 
The perfect man is the possessor of a sound mind in a 
sound body, with a sound character back of all. 

To the building up of such a threefold perfect being the 
prime qualities would seem to be — 

First of all, a clean-cut view of what is to be won, 
A strong will set on gaining it, and 
A large reserve of such earnestness as will effectually 
back a man in the slow and wear}' task of this up-building. 
A high ideal, a powerful will, a large reserve of moral 
force — these all, it seems to me, go primarily to the build- 
ing up of a perfect man. 





SUMMARY. 

High Ideal. 

Powerful Will. 
Reserve of Moral Force. 
57 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Richard Heber Newton was born in Philadelphia, October 31, 1840. He 
was educated in the University of Pennsylvania, and prepared for the ministry 
in the Episcopal divinity school in Philadelphia; was made deacon. in St. 
Paul's church, Philadelphia, in 1860, and ordained priest in the same church 
in 1866; became minister in charge of Trinity church, Sharon Springs, X. Y., 
in 1864, rector of St. Paul's, Philadelphia, in 1866, and of All Souls' church, 
New York, in 1869. He received the degree of D.D. from Union College in 
1881. Dr. Newton has published "The Morals of Trade," "Womanhood," 
"Right and Wrong Uses of the Bible," "Philistinism," " Social Studies," and 
other works.] 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS, 

Calvin once said that the Nicene Creed was fit only to be sung. 
This depreciation is its noblest appreciation. Rightly understood, 
its utterances form a hymn of thanksgiving, in which the imagiua- 
tion interprets for the reason the massive mysteries of being, and 
through which the soul lifts its joyful adoration of the God in 
whom it trusts, with a peace " which passeth understanding." This 
creed is a poetic philosophy, a mystic symbol of the truth which 
is beyond all interpretation in prose — and therefore is to be sung. 

The Nicene Creed forms our Church's Standard of Faith. 

What does the Church bid us believe concerning the creation ? 
The simple declaration — " I believe in one God, the Father Al- 
mighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and in- 
visible." You are equally free to read the opening chapter in Genesis 
literally, as the annals of cosmical history, or to read it as a parable. 

What does the Church command us to believe concerning the 
origin of evil, the Fall of Man ? Nothing. The doctrine of the 
Fall of Man, as popularly received through Christendom, is an 
extra-creedal belief. 

What does the Church order us to think concerning Future 
Punishment ? That, alone, which is contained in the undogmatic 
statement of the creed — "He shall come again with glory, to 
judge both the quick and the dead." 

58 



A HIGH, DISINTERESTED AIM. 



!UT THE LAWS OF HEREDITY MUST BE REGARDED. 



DR. B. F. DE COSTA, 



Pastor of the Church of St. John the Evangelist, New York, 
and founder of the White Cross Society, writes : — 



^N my general relations to young men I have felt 
f- that the great need of young men as a class is a 




High and Disinterested Aim. This I haye long 
insisted upon as an indispensable condition in con- 
** nection with the character we are hoping to see 
evolved. I view a high aim as essential to the growth of 
all the best characteristics of human nature. The high 
character of the coming man must have a physical as well 
as a religious foundation, and the laws of heredity must 
be regarded, the same care being taken to produce perfect 
men that is now employed to produce the best breed of 
horses, sheep, or cows. The sound mind must be looked 
for in the sound body, trained in accordance with the 
purest moral and spiritual ideas, and modelled after the 
pattern of Christ, the perfect Ideal. Training upon a 
single line must fail, as the young man needs to be helped 
in his whole nature, moral, spiritual, and physical. 

Gen. Secy. White Cross Society. 
59 



DR. B. F. DE COSTA. 
PURITY. 

No such splendid energy as stored-up passion. . . . What 
might not this degraded and wasted passion . . . have ac- 
complished if it had been stored np in a right heart and a clear 
brain and a pure body ! « 

Sir James Paget, a celebrated English surgeon, says : " Chastity 
does no harm to mind or body ; its discipline is excellent." 

Before you assert that appetite is unrestrainable, try the effect 
of simple diet, early rising, ami a close mental application to some 
subject connected with your different callings, in combination with 
vigorous bodily exercise. 

"Move upward, working out the beast, 
And let the ape and tiger die." 

A young man is apt to reason from the other functions of his 
body. . . . But this is entirely to overlook the distinctive 
character of these functions. 

life's cost. 

Since then I cannot live a week, 
But some fair thing must leave the daisied dells, 
The joy of pastures, bubbling springs and wells 
And grassy murmurs of its peaceful days, 
To bleed in pain and reek, 

And die for me to tread life's pleasant ways. 

I cannot sure, be warmed or lit, 
But men must crouch and toil in tortuous eaves 
Bowed on themselves, while day and night in waves 
Of blackness wash away their sunless lives ; 
Or blasted and sore hit, 
Dark life to darker death the miner drives. 
60 



EXTRACTS FROM THE LITERATURE OF THE WHITE CROSS. 

Naked, I cannot clothed be, 
But worms must patient weave their satin shroud, 
The sheep must shiver to the April cloud, 
Yielding his one white coat to keep me warm ; 
In shop and factory 

For me must weary toiling 1 millions swarm. 

O awful sweetest life of mine, 
That God and man both serve in blood and tears, 

If on myself I dare to spend 
This dreadful thing in pleasure lapped and reared, 
What ami? . . . 

WHITE CROSS PRINCIPLES. 

To treat all women with respect, and endeavor to protect them 
from wrong and degradation. 

To endeavor to put down all indecent language and coarse jests, 

To maintain the law of purity as equally binding upon men and 
women. 

To endeavor to spread these principles among my companions, 
and to try and help my younger brothers. 

To use every possible means to fulfil the command, " Keep thy- 
self pure." 



61 



CO-ORDINATION OF PHYSICAL, MENTAL, AND 
MORAL POWERS. 

SYMMETRY BY CAREFUL TRAINING AND SELF-EXAMINATION. 

THE REV. DR. CHARLES H. EATON 

sends us the following : — 

ENERALITIES sometimes "glitter," they always 




il 



confuse. Nevertheless, I hazard the following 
f^~ replies to your questions. 

I. Symmetry. The co-ordination of physical, men- 
tal, and moral powers. There are athletes and schol- 
ars, working-men and moralists. Let us have athletic 
scholars, and scholarly athletes, moral working-men and 
working-men moralists. 

II. (a) Training of nature (fields and gymnasium), (b) 
Academic (School and College), (c) Moral (Church, State, 
and philanthropic organizations). Symmetry requires the 
appropriate direction and cultivation of each and all facul- 
ties and powers of the complete man. 

III. (1) Intellectual Seriousness. (2) Moral Discrimina- 
tion. 

IV. (a) SeK-examination. (b) Cultivation of acquaint- 
ance with the inexorable laws of nature, (c) Study of 
Man in history, and especially in life, (d) Development of 
Will by contact with nature and humanity. 



V M& 



aZ&itS ♦ 



SUMMARY. 

Intellectual Seriousness. Athletics. 

Moral Discrimination. Development of Will. 

62 



VI. 

VOICES FROM GERMANY. 

DR. W. PREYER, 

Berlin, Prussia, 
Professor of Physiology in the University of Berlin. 

DR. LUDWIG BUCHNER, 

Darmstadt, Germany, 
Scientist and Professor of Philosophy. 



63 



MAN A CREATOR. 



PERFECTION AS AN EXACT SCIENCE. 



PROFESSOR W. PREYER, 




of Berlin, Prussia, author of "The Mind of a Child," writes a 
most valuable article, of which the following is a summary : — 



||EAREST to perfection comes the man whose ex- 
J| cellencies most outweigh his faults. By excellen- 
cies, I mean those qualities which make for his 
own prosperity, and that of his family, and society, 
and the State, and the whole human race. 
Health above all. Every part of the body, and foremost 
the senses, the brain, and the spinal cord, must be free 
from fault. Failure in these parts renders inapplicable the 
ground principle of all education, consistency, sequence 
(Consequenz). 

Certain inherited conditions are demanded, the most 
important being teachability (Bildsamkeit), a permanent 
sensitiveness to the work of elders and teachers, to nature 
and to art. Only when plasticity of the highest, fine or- 
ganic tissue of the cerebral cortex or brain convolutions is 
present can education effect what is required. 

These are the highest conditions. We may add wisdom 
— add the noblest character and also disinterestedness, the 
keenest understanding, and also good judgment detecting 
probable from improbable, genuine from imitation ; finally 
the pleasure of being able to create (schaffensfreudige 

konnen) by our own force. 

65 



PROFESSOR W. PREYER. 



No great men of the nineteenth century have possessed 
all these qualities. Those approaching nearest the ideal 
are Darwin and Moltke. 






^/ J^Le^eAu. 



SUMMARY. 

Teachability. 

Wisdom. ^ t _ 

Noble Character. 
Creative Power. 



Keen Understanding. 
Good Judgment. 



Disinterestedness. 



m 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 



THE INTELLECT. 



The brain comes into the world provided with a great number 
of impressions upon it. Some of these are qnite obscure, some 
few are distinct. Each ancestor has added his own to those pre- 
viously existing. Among these impressions, finally, the useless 
ones must soon be obliterated by those that are useful. On the 
other hand, deep impressions will, like wounds, leave behind scars, 
which will abide longer ; and very frequently used paths of con- 
nection between different portions of the brain and spinal cord 
and the organs of sense are easier to travel even at birth (instruct- 
ive and reflexive processes). 

Professor Preyer considers that the power of using language 
is the most prominent index to the unfolding of the intellect. 

" In learning to speak . . . there is a continuous develop- 
ment first of the sound centre, then of the syllable centre, then of 
the word centre and the dictorium. The brain grows through its 
own activity." 

In the development of the intellect he says : " Memory takes the 
first place in point of time. Without memory no intellect is pos- 
sible. The only material at the disposal of the intellect is received 
from the senses," etc. 

" At the beginning of lif e, it seems to be the department of taste 
. . . and of smell ... in which memory is first operative. 
Then comes the sense of touch. . . . Next in order the sense 
of sight chiefly asserts itself as an early promoter of memory." 

ORIGIN OF THOUGHT. 

A girl, one of twins, only six days and some hours old, was seen 
by me to wrinkle the brow twice very decidedly- — once with, once 
without a simultaneous movement of the skin of the head. The 
mother said: "The child has serious thoughts." And, in fact, it 

67 



PROF. W. PREYER. 

looked peculiarly precocious, to see the skin of the forehead both 
times laid in deep, parallel folds, which extended over the whole 
breadth of the forehead, and the face take on a very serious ex- 
pression. In this case, as in all similar cases, it does not, however, 
appear safe to attribute to the wrinkling of the brow the signifi- 
cance of an expressive movement, because the psychical states are 
as yet wanting that are expressed by horizontal folds of the brow. 

ORIGIN OF THE WILL. 

It cannot be doubted that the child wills and thinks long before 
the acquirement of speech ; but independent activity joins itself 
to the unintentional, involuntary muscular movements quite im- 
perceptibly, after long, incomplete manifestation of the power of 
co-ordination. The feelings that are determinative for all mental 
development, feelings of pleasure and displeasure, the attempts to 
seize that which excites desire — food, above all, — and to keep off 
that which causes discomfort, must be looked upon as starting- 
points of the continuously-advancing development. 

In this important fact, that the will, as a reciprocal action of 
motor ideas, can alter, isolate, combine, repeat, strengthen and 
weaken, hasten and delay existing movements, lies, at the same 
time, the key to the understanding of the difficulty of learning. 

On the one hand, the abundant material of inborn impulsive, 
reflexive, and instructive movements, which are mingled together 
in the first three months and are influenced by the increasing 
activity of the senses, favors the development of will, since it alone 
supplies the requisite representations of movement ; on the other 
hand, however, this very material renders more difficult the man- 
ifestation of the directing power of the will. For the more that 
certain nerve-paths have been made easily passable by frequent 
repetition of movements, the greater will be the resistance to the 

68 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

combinations of these with others, and to the employment of iso- 
lated tracts. 

To every perfect activity of will are indispensable desire, mus- 
cular sensations, voluntary inhibition, and attention. 

Every act of will requires attention, and every concentration of 
attention is an act of will. Hence an act of attention without an 
accompanying muscular contraction is unrecognizable. 

In conclusion, in regard to education, which always has to con- 
trol the motor ideas of the child, and, in case these are improper 
ones, to substitute better, we have especially to consider the weak- 
ness of the will even in the complete waking condition. The sur- 
prising credulity, docility, obedience, tractableness, the slight de- 
gree of independence of will in young children, that attests itself 
besides in many little traits of character, reminds one of the sim- 
ilar behavior of adults in the mesmeric sleep. 

The weariness connected with the strain of attention makes 
intelligible also the rapid alternation of the plays of the child. 
Through too frequent yielding in this respect, which appears un- 
objectionable only in the first period of play, the later development 
of voluntary inhibitions, upon which most depends in the forma- 
tion of character, is rendered essentially more difficult, and caprice 
is fostered. Exercises in being obedient cannot begin too early. 



69 



THE COMING MAN IN AMERICA. 



IN HOC SIGNO VINCES. 



DR. LUDWJG BUCHNER, 

the eminent scientist and professor of philosophy, sends a let- 
ter from Darmstadt. Following is a translation : — 

J^HE perfection of humanity and of the individual man 
HP in the sense of " the coming man " is still far from 
its goal. We are still deeply buried in reminiscences and 
after-effects of that barbaric antiquity out of which man 
has gradually extricated himself only with unspeakable 
pains, and in the course of countless generations that have 
perished in the strife. Our whole culture and civilization, 
in spite of the great progress made, is, nevertheless, in 
comparison with prehistoric periods, only a creation of 
yesterday ; and the way that humanity on the whole has 
got to traverse for its highest development lies before us 
in immeasurable distance. This development will be and 
must be just as much a material as an intellectual and a 
moral one — material through a continually increasing in- 
vestigation and utilization of the forces of nature ; intel- 
lectual through the progress of humanity ; moral through 
the improved constitution of society in the sense of altru- 
ism and universal brotherhood. 

From our old Europe, which in miserable blindness con- 
tinuously rages within itself and brings its best powers as 
a sacrifice to the Moloch of mutual jealousy, for the future 
development of the human race in the sense above indi- 
cated not much, alas ! is to be expected. The continual 

70 



DR. LTJDWIG BUCHNER. 



fear of coming events takes away our breath, and like the 
sight of a terror-inspiring spectre, acts with crippling 
force upon our courage or our decision to go ahead in the 
trodden path. The whole hope of the friend of humanity 
must, accordingly, be fixed upon the great Republic in the 
western part of our world, which hastens on with great 
strides toward its high destiny and holds high the banner 
of u the coming man." May it in her hands acquire the 
same signification for the victory of the progress of cul- 
ture as when, long ago, the sign of the cross proclaimed 
the victory of Christianity. In hoc signo vinces ! 



i^^huu*^f \pH4^yU^Myur 



SUMMARY. 

Intellectual Development. 

Material Development. 

Social Development. 



71 



BIOGBAPHICAL DATA. 

[Friedrich Carl Christian Ludwig Buchner was born in Darmstadt, 
Germany, March 29, 1824. He studied at Giessen, Wiirzburg, and at Neima ; 
became a physician and was professor at Tubingen. He has published " Force 
and Matter," 1855; ". Nature and Spirit," 1857; "Physiological Sketches," 
1861; "Nature and Science," 1862; "The Place of Man in Nature," 1869; 
"Mind in Animals," 1877; and "The Power of Transmission," 1882.] 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

FROM "MAN IN THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE." 

This future development will certainly be rather intellectual 
than corporeal, or, in other words, it will advance pari passu with 
a greater evolution of the tendencies and faculties now slumbering 
in the brain of man. 

Science . . . gives the right clue. The replacement of the 
power of nature by the power of reason. 

The only correct and tenable moral principle depends upon the 
relation of reciprocity. 

Knowledge, culture, and prosperity . . . are the main 
sources of morality and virtue. 

Morality may, therefore, be defined as the law of mutual respect 
for the general and private equal rights of man. 

This egotism in itself is indeed not objectionable, and really 
forms the final and highest spring of all our actions, whether bad 
or good. Moreover, we shall never be able to get rid of the egotism 
of human nature, and therefore all that we have to do is to turn it 
into the right paths or to render it rational and humane, by seek- 
ing to bring its satisfaction into accordance with the good of all 
and the interest of the community. 

He, the coming man, will only advance his own well-being when 

■72 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

he furthers that of the community, and will advance the well-being 
of the community in advancing his own. 

We . . . feel the necessity of arranging this world and 
our life as beautifully and advantageously as possible, both for 
the individual and for the whole. 

Man is better than he seems ... he can do more than 
he thinks ... he deserves to be happier than he is. 

The future of man and of the human race may be expressed in 
six words, which contain all that can be theoretically or practically 
required for this future, namely, Freedom, Culture, and Pros- 
perity for ALL. 



73 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

Charity and personal force are the only investments worth any- 
thing. Walt Whitman. 

Think, every morning, when the sun peeps through 
The dim, leaf -latticed windows of the grove, 

How jubilant the happy birds renew 
Their old melodious madrigals of love ! 

H. W. Longfellow. 

Fame is what you have taken, 

Character's what you give ; 
When to this truth you waken, 

Then you begin to live. Bayard Taylor. 

Be noble ! and the nobleness that lies 
In other men, sleeping, but never dead, 
Will rise in majesty to meet thine own. 

J. B. Lowell. 



Who knows nothing base 
Fears nothing known. 



Owen Meredith. 



Nature ever yields reward 

To him who seeks and loves her best. 

Barry Cornwall. 

For wheresoe'er I looked the while 

Was Nature's everlasting smile. W. G. Bryant. 

What keeps a spirit wholly true 
To that ideal which he bears ? 

Alfred Tennyson. 
74 



VII. 
FROM DENMARK. 

DR. HAROLD HOFFDING, 

Copenhagen, Denmark, 
Professor of Psychology in the University of Copenhagen. 



75 



ENERGY THE FIRST CONDITION. 



THE POTTER OF WILL. 



DR. HAROLD HOFFDING, 



Professor of psychology in the University of Copenhagen, 
whose manual, just translated into English, is one of the best, 
writes : — 



|HE perfect man cannot have all those qualities 
which in themselves would be perfections. The 
one would deprive the other of energy, and energy is the 
first condition of the perfect man — no one-sidedness, 
no energy. 

The life must he concentrated about a goal, a calling 
which is embraced with a firm will. On this firm basis 
the greatest intellectual and a?sthetical mobility ought to 
take place. From the rambhngs of the thoughts and the 
emotions the mind returns enriched and deepened to the 
field of its work. 

This concentration demands self-control. In the perfect 
man the self-control is not the goal, but the means. Its 
motive is not anxious shyness nor coolness of mind, but 
the concentration of the attention and the energy toward 
the great goal, and the sympathy which hinders unneces- 
sary pain to others. 

The calling ought to be such that it not only brings 
about the greatest possible development of the individual 
himself, but is important for the continued life of the hu- 
man race. For the perfect man self-development and 



DR. HAROLD HOFFDLNG. 



working for others are but one. By his struggle for life 
he helps the others to carry their struggle, and he is such, 
for his part, realizing the perfect justice in the world. 



i/ 





&ofi~<si*4i^y*^+ f^t >&£^ 7^4 / ' ffi 



SUMMARY. 

A Goal or Calling. 
Attention. 
Intellectual Mobility. 

Energy. 
Self-Control. 
Firm Will. 
Concentration. 

Sympathy. 
^Esthetic Mobility. 



78 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 



ORIGIN OF SYMPATHY. 



Sympathy presupposes that the common interests have the up- 
per hand as against the conflicting interests ; it presupposes further 
that these common interests can be more or less consciously repre- 
sented in thought. Narrow experience, narrow range of intelli- 
gence and imagination consequently narrow also the sympathies. 
History teaches, too, that sympathy is at first developed in narrow 
spheres and afterwards extended to wider. Each narrow sphere 
(family, rank, nation, sect) is in the position of egoist in relation 
to the wider spheres. Finally, sympathy may be extended to all 
living beings, to the whole of nature ; it then acquires ultimately 
a religious character, becomes what Spinoza has called " the intel- 
lectual love of God." 

This is a theory of evolution, since it lays down no absolute dis- 
similarity between egoism and sympathy, but endeavors to explain 
them as feelings evolved under different conditions from a com- 
mon source. It might be called the theory of individual evolution, 
since it maintains the possibility that such evolution, even an evo- 
lution from absolute self-assertion to absolute self-sacrifice, may 
take place in the lifetime of a single individual, without presup- 
posing any further conditions than those above mentioned. 

The fact that self-preservation and propagation, as even Plato 
taught in the Symposium, pass into one another, supplies a physi- 
ological basis for the transition between pleasure in what affects 
the individual himself, and pleasure in what is beyond his own 
vital process. Sympathy, then, appears as literally growing out of 
self-preservation. 

The relation between mother and child gives the most primitive 
family and the most primitive human society. It makes a pure 
w - state of nature," an absolute individualism impossible. In the 
animal kingdom, the male seldom shares in the care of the young. 

79 



DR. HAROLD HOFFDING. 

Tlie father is often a danger and a foe to his own young. Dar- 
win relates in his Voyage Round the World a striking instance of 
the egoism of the male and self-sacrifice of the female. The wild 
horses of the Falkland Islands roam constantly from place to place, 
and compel the mares to accompany them, whether the yonng 
foals are old enough to follow or not. A man saw a horse violently 
kick and bite a mare for a whole hour, and so compel her to leave 
the foal to its fate. Masculine egoism shows itself also in the 
human race, where the care of the children at the lower stages is 
left to the mother. Only where marriage takes a permanent form 
— and this happens, as already taught by Lucretius (v, 1008), 
especially when permanent dwellings are provided — may the pater- 
nal relation become a source of sympathetic feeling. The paternal 
feeling then ranks with the maternal. 

There is yet another powerful feeling which grows out of a 
natural instinct, and forms an important basis for the development 
of sympathy. The feeling of love in its primitive form is, like ma- 
ternal love, a " moment n of the general vital feeling. Its first stir- 
rings also are connected with revolutions within the organism, 
which give to the vital feeling a previously unknown character. 
There arise new and inexplicable longings and sensations. Some- 
thing stirs in the individual which impels him beyond himself. 
But at the primitive stages the individual still regards the object, 
with which instinct unites him, merely as a means. Love is at 
first only an extension of egoism. 

THE ORIGINALITY OF THE WILL. 

As in the Greek mythology Eros was made one of the oldest and 
at the same time one of the youngest of the gods, so in psychology, 
the will may, according to the point of view, be represented as the 
most primitive or as the most complex and derivative of mental 
products. 

80 



VIII. 

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGISTS SPEAK. 

JOHN BASCOM, 

WlLLIAMSTOWN, MASS., 

Professor of Philosophy in Williams College. 

WILLIAM JAMES, 

Cambridge, Mass., 
Professor of Philosophy in Harvard University 

MARK J. BALDWIN, 

Toronto, Canada, 
Professor of Psychology in the University of Toronto. 



81 



PHYSICAL, INTELLECTUAL, SPIRITUAL. 



THE POWERS OF MIND. 

PROFESSOR JOHN BASCOM, 

A moral philosopher, writes : — 



^UR time prepares us to see, better than hitherto, that 
perfection in man lies in the co-ordination of his 
physical, intellectual, and spiritual powers, each complete 
in, by, and with the others. Also that this co-ordination 
is inseparable from a like co-ordination of men in society, 
the virtues of all citizens being the motive, source, and 
reward of the virtues of each citizen. We must stand up 
together in the amplitude of personal and social resources. 

Our bodily powers, putting us in connection with the 
world ; our powers of thought, rendering it to us in terms 
of reason ; our higher tastes and affections, enabling us to 
appropriate it in permanent pleasures, enlarge each other 
at every step of progress. 

But this sensuous mastery, this intellectual comprehen- 
sion, this spiritual possession are not achieved by the indi- 
vidual in his separate, but in his united life. They lie 
between man and man in their conjoint, social develop- 
ment. All movements culminate in the perfect man. 



sftr£*«- / &TLA~c*-r?* 



SUMMARY. 

Intellectual Power. 
Spiritual Power. 

Physical Power. 

83 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[John Bascom was born in Geneva, N. Y., May 1, 1827. He graduated at 
Williams College in 1849, and after becoming a clergyman was a tutor there 
in 1852-53, and professor of rhetoric from 1855 to 1874. In the latter year he 
was chosen to the presidency of the University of Wisconsin, which post he 
held till his resignation, in 1887. He is the author of numerous works on 
philosophy and ethics, including "A Philosophy of Religion," "Science of 
Mind," and "Problems in Philosophy." He has written for the Forum 
"Books That Have Helped Me" (May, 1887), and "The Gist of the Labor 
Question" (September, 1887).] 



^a^ 2 ^ 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS, 

The dates of his chief works are as follows : 
"^Esthetics— Science of Beauty/' 1867. 
" Psychology/' 1872. 
" Philosophy of Religion," 1876. 
"Philosophy of Rhetoric," 1885. 

HIS VIEWS. 

The intellect he divides into perception, understanding, and 
reason. The feelings into physical feelings, intellectual feelings, 
and spiritual feelings. 

According to Professor Bascom, the man physical would be a 
man having touch, heart irritability, appetites, sensations, and 
natural affections. The man intellectual would have feelings of 
hope, joy, vanity, pride, fear, discouragement, disappointment, 
envy, jealousy, dislike, admiration, contempt, good- will, compas- 
sion, and especially novelty, harmony, sympathy, and association. 

The man spiritual possesses in a high degree aesthetical feelings, 
moral sentiments, and religious sentiments. 

84 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

He says : 

" The spiritual feelings are so called because they belong pecul- 
iarly to our higher nature. Intellectual action is spiritual action, 
-yet that which gives guidance and government to our interior, 
hidden life is found in our intuitions. The intellect is instru- 
mental under these, as in the brute it is simply a means to physical 
safety and gratification. Our spiritual feelings spring up, then, 
in direct connection with our intuitions — those mental elements 
which make our life truly rational, which give to us a choice of 
ends, and liberty in pursuit of them. The only intuitions which 
draw forth directly feeling are those of truth, beauty, and right." 

The true formula for the infinite, according to Bascom, is, 
" This and More." He quotes Renan : " Does art, which, like 
religion, aspires to represent the infinite under finite forms, 
renounce its mission because it knows that no image can represent 
the 'ideal'?" 



The strong point of a good style, as given in Bascom's " Rhetoric,' 
are perspecuity, elegance, and energy. 



85 



STRENGTH AND BEAUTY. 

GIVE THE YOUNG AMERICAN MORE OUT-DOOR LIFE. 




PROFESSOR WILLIAM JAMES, 

of Harvard, writes : — 

\ HAT are the cardinal points to be insisted on for the 
? more perfect development of the coming young man ? 
Out of a large number of answers to that question it seems 
to me that something valuable may possibly emerge in the 
shape of a consensus of opinion as to what the actual 
young man in America most lacks. 

The young man of the sedentary and commercial class 
in cities most lacks, as it strikes me, the wholesome and 
manly sort of animalism which gives to the very best of 
the youth of the upper classes so sweet a tone — the sort 
of thing which comes from plenty of dealings with the 
natural elements of things, as swimming, boating, fishing, 
riding, tramping, mountain climbing, and camping out. It 
seems fair to think that the " athletic movement " may be 
productive remotely of great good in changing little by 
little the rather unmanly ideals of the " middle class." 

What all classes and both sexes of American youth most 
need, however, in my humble opinion, is to use their voices 
better and untwist the muscles of their faces. A home 
mission to exert influence to that end might most usefully 
consume some of the accumulations of the "American 
Board." At present there seems in the general public no 

86 



WILLIA3I JA3LES. 



glimmer of suspicion that anything is wrong with our 
national vocalization, nasal, high-headed, throaty, hoarse, 
and ashamed to let the breath out, or with the habitually 
agonized and anxious state of contraction of the Ameri- 
can face. Habitual ignobleness of voice and meanness of 
expression react on the inner faculties of the person. 
Surely something must be wrong with us when so many 
Americans have to confess (after coming back from Italy, 
Germany, Scotland, or England) that their own country- 
men's vocalization inspires them with a sort of physical 
horror. The first thing is to establish an ideal of improve- 
ment to be aimed at. May this ejaculation of mine make 
its feeble ripple, like a pebble thrown into the stagnant 
pool! 



2f^U6U^J^^ L 



SUMMARY. 

Out-Door Exercise. 

Personal Beauty in- 
voice and Expression. 



87 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[William James, a son of Henry James, theologian, and brother of Henry- 
James, Jr., novelist, was born in New York City, January 11, 1842. He 
studied in the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard, accompanied the 
Thayer expedition to Brazil in 1865-6, studied medicine at Harvard, and 
received his degree in 1869. In 1876 he became assistant professor of 
physiology in the Cambridge medical school, in 1880 assistant professor of 
philosophy in Harvard University, and in 1885 full professor of philosophy. 
He has published il Literary Remains" of his father.] 



— ^(^S^^SssS— 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

ON HABIT. 

Habit is thus the enormous fly-wheel of society, its most precious 
conservative agent. It alone is what keeps us all within the 
bounds of ordinance, and saves the children of fortune from the 
envious uprisings of the poor. 

The great thing, then, in all education is to make our nervous 
system our ally instead of our enemy. It is to fund and capitalize 
our acquisitions, and live at ease upon the interest of the fund. 
For this we must make automatic and habitual, as early as possible, 
as many useful actions as ive can, and guard against the growing 
into ways that are likely to be disadvantageous to us as we should 
guard against the plague. The more of the details of our daily 
life we can hand over to the effortless custody of automatism, the 
more our higher powers of mind will be set free for their own 
proper work. 

In Professor Bain's chapter on " The Moral Habits " there are 
some admirable practical remarks laid down. Two great maxims 
emerge from his treatment. The first is that in the acquisition of 
a new habit, or the leaving off of an old one, we must take care 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

to launch ourselves with as strong and decided an initiative as pos- 
sible. Accumulate all the possible circumstances which shall 
re- enforce the right motives ; put yourself assiduously in condi- 
tions that encourage the new; make engagements incompatible 
with the old ; take a public pledge, if the case allows ; in short, 
envelop your resolution with every aid you know. This will give 
your new beginning such a momentum that the temptation to 
break down will not occur as soon as it otherwise might ; and 
every day during which a break-down is postponed adds to the 
chances of its not occurring at all. 

The second maxim is : Never suffer an exception to occur till the 
new habit is securely rooted in your life. Each lapse is like the 
letting fall of a ball of string which one is carefully winding up ; 
a single slip undoes more than a great many turns will wind again. 
Continuity of training is the great means of making the nervous 
system act infallibly right. 

A third maxim may be added to the preceding pair : Seize the 
very first possible opportunity to act on every resolution you make, 
and on every emotional prompting you may experience in the direction 
of the habits you aspire to gain. It is not in the moment of their 
forming, but in the moment of their producing motor effects, that 
resolves and aspirations communicate the new "set" to the brain. 

No matter how full a reservoir of maxims one may possess, and 
no matter how good one's sentiments may be, if one have not taken 
advantage of every concrete opportunity to act, one's character 
may remain entirely unaffected for the better. With mere good 
intentions hell is proverbially paved. And this is an obvious 
consequence of the principles we have laid down. A " character," 
as J. S. Mill says, '-is a completely fashioned will"; and a will, in 
the sense in which he means it, is an aggregate of tendencies to 
act m a firm and prompt and definite way upon all the principal 
emergencies of life. A tendency to act only becomes effectively 

89 



WILLIAM JAMES. 

ingrained in ns in proportion to the uninterrupted frequency with 
which the actions actually occur, and the brain " grows n to their 
use. Every time a resolve or a fine glow of feeling evaporates 
without bearing practical fruit is worse than a chance lost; it 
works so as positively to hinder future resolutions and emotions 
from taking the normal path of discharge. There is no more 
contemptible type of human character than that of the nerveless 
sentimentalist and dreamer, who spends his life in a weltering sea 
of sensibility and emotion, but who never does a manly, concrete 
deed. 

Even the habit of excessive indulgence in music, for those who 
are neither performers themselves nor musically gifted enough to 
take it in a purely intellectual way, has probably a relaxing effect 
upon the character. One becomes filled with emotions which 
habitually pass without prompting to any deed, and so the inertly 
sentimental condition is kept up. The remedy would be never to 
suffer one's self to have an emotion at a concert without express- 
ing it afterward in some active way. Let the expression be the 
least thing in the world — speaking genially to one's aunt, or giving 
up one's seat in a horse-car, if nothing more heroic offers — but let 
it not fail to take place. 

As a final practical maxim relative to these habits of the will, 
we may then offer something like this : Keep the faculty of effort 
alive in you by a little gratuitous exercise every day. That is, be 
systematically ascetic or heroic in little unnecessary points; do 
every day or two something for no other reason than that you 
would rather not do it, so that when the hour of dire need draws 
nigh, it may find you not unnerved and untrained to stand the 
test. Asceticism of this sort is like the insurance which a man 
pays on his house and goods. The tax does him no good at the 
time, -and possibly may never bring him a return ; but if the fire 
does come, his having paid it will be his salvation from ruin. So 

90 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

with the man who has daily inured himself to habits of concen- 
trated attention, energetic volition, and self-denial in unnecessary 
things. He will stand like a tower when everything rocks around 
him, and when his softer fellow-mortals are winnowed like chaff 
in the blast. 

Could the young but realize how soon they will become mere 
walking bundles of habits, they would give more heed to their 
conduct while in the plastic state. We are spinning our own 
fates, good or evil, and never to be undone. Every smallest 
stroke of virtue or of vice leaves its never so little scar. The 
drunken Rip Van Winkle, in Jefferson's play, excuses himself 
for every fresh dereliction by saying, " I won't count this time ! " 
Well ! he may not count it, and a kind Heaven may not count 
it; but it is being counted none the less. Down among his 
nerve-cells and fibres the molecules are counting it, registering 
and storing it up to be used against him when the next temptation 
comes. Nothing we ever do is, in strict scientific literalness, wiped 
out. Of course, this has its good side as well as its bad one. As 
we become permanent drunkards by so many separate drinks, so 
we become saints in the moral, and authorities and experts in the 
practical and scientific spheres by so many separate acts and 
hours of work. Let no youth have any anxiety about the upshot 
of his education, whatever the line of it may be. If he keep faith- 
fully busy each hour of the working day, he may safely leave the 
final result to itself. He can with perfect certainty count on 
waking up some fine morning to find himself one of the com- 
petent ones of his generation, in whatever pursuit he may have 
singled out. Silently, between all the details of his business, the 
power of judging in all that class of matter will have built itself up 
within him as a possession that will never pass away. 



91 



THE CO-ORDINATING CENTRES 



ARE THE POINT OF DEPARTURE OF THE WORLD'S FUTURE. 



MEN OF INTENTION AND MEN OF DETAIL. 



PROFESSOR J. MARK BALDWIN 

writes : — 

?HE man of the future will live amid conditions of 
enormous complexity. The accumulation of scien- 
tific details will tend to paralyze constructive genius. 
There must exist, therefore, between men of detail and 
men of invention a sharper distinction. 

Men of detail will write summaries, indices, cyclopaedias, 
compile synopses and make researches. Men of invention 
will be rarer, grander, and more removed from ordinary 
comprehension. Yet there can be no doubt that such men 
will arise, and nature will be mastered in a way of which 
we now can only dream. 

If it be true that the brain develops by reaction upon 
external conditions, what limit can be set to this develop- 
ment ? And as the conditions become more complex the 
brain must grow in the line of higher functional co-ordina- 
tion. 

What the co-ordinating centres are it remains for the 
cerebral topography of the future to determine, but these 
centres, the seat of the constructive imagination, are the 
point of departure of the world's future, practical no less 
than theoretical. In the industrial world a single man of 
genius may any day let in the light of which the socialistic 

92 



PROFESSOR J. 3IARK BALDWIN. 

theories of to-day are only the faintest glimmerings. And 
so it is in every department of human interest and inquiry. 

The great intellectual need, therefore, is the education 
of the co-ordinating faculty. The educational systems of 
the future must be based largely upon the logical (mathe- 
matical and moral) and the inductive sciences. Linguistic 
study must yield place as a means of highest culture. 
"When all men speak the same language the enormously 
disproportionate. time now given to languages in education 
will become more evident. The cultivation of the sign- 
making faculty is altogether a secondary thing to the cul- 
tivation of the discursive and constructive faculty. 

I have spoken only of intellectual culture, but morality 
will share in and dominate it all, for the practical co-ordi- 
nation of our lives together is the end of ethics as it is of 
science. 




SUMMARY. 

Men of Invention vs. Men of Detail. 
Brain-seat of the Inventive Faculty. 
The Great Educational Need. 
Social Morality. 



93 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

[Professor James Mark Baldwin was born in Columbia, South Carolina, 
January, 1861 ; son of Hon. Cyrus H. Baldwin of Connecticut, U. S. Assistant 
Treasurer, stationed at Charleston, S. C, under Presidents Grant and Hayes, 
since Collector of the Port of Charleston. Professor Baldwin prepared for col- 
lege at Salem Collegiate Institute, Salem, N. J., and entered the Sophomore 
class at Princeton University in 1881. Graduated with valedictory honors in 
1884. Took a number of prizes during his college course and a fellowship in 
Mental Science on graduating. Went to Germany to study for a degree, 
working at Berlin, Tubingen, and principally at Leipzic with Professor 
Wundt. After return to United States was appointed in 1886 instructor in 
French and German and Psychology in Princeton. In 1887 he accepted a 
call to the chair in Philosophy at Lake Forest University, Chicago, and was 
called from there in 1889 to the head of the same department in the Univer- 
sity of Toronto. He devotes himself largely to Psychology, having a labora- 
tory for Experimental Psychology which in completeness of equipment is not 
surpassed, perhaps, in America — the first such laboratory in the British Do- 
minion. Professor Baldwin's principal books are these : English edition 
(translation) of Ribot's " German Psychology of To-Day," New York, 1886; 
"Handbook of Psychology," 2 vols., London and New York (in its second 
edition), 1890 and 1891; " Philosophy : its Relation to Life and Education," 
inaugural address, Toronto, 1890. He has also published numerous articles, 
principally on Psychological and Educational subjects, in Mind (London), 
Princeton Review, Science, Educational Review, etc.] 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS, 



AMERICAN NEEDS. 



What development do American youth most need ? 

The American youth most need social, aesthetic, moral — in 
short, spiritual culture : the ability to act unconsciously and hab- 
itually in harmony with the most and the best interests. 

What qualities does the young American most lack ? 

Practically the American character shows its unspirituality in 
several ways : intellectually, it lacks deliberation; in the emotional 
life, constancy; in conduct, poise. We decide hastily, feel warmly, 
and act rashly. 

94 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

How can he attain this culture, and these qualities ? 

We can remedy these defects only in one way : by striving con- 
sciously in particular actions to realize aesthetic and moral good, 
until we come to pursue them unconsciously. Noble individuality 
transcends our ideals of beauty and goodness, but does not violate 
them ; and it is only by groping after beauty and goodness that 
we grow to see them better. 

MAXIMS SUGGESTED. 

1. Read the New Testament. 

2. Cultivate the best people and the best books you know, and 
as many as you can. 

3. Make your room, house, person, life, as beautiful as you can. 

4. Be sincere. 

5. Take your time. 

MORAL REALITY. 

There is moral reality no less than logical and sensational real- 
ity ; and there is the same reason for believing in the one that 
there is in the other. Sensational reality will not satisfy our log- 
ical demands, for nature is often illogical. Neither will logic sat- 
isfy our moral demands, for the logically true is often immoral 
and hideous. It is well, therefore, to write large the truth that 
the revolt of the heart against fact is often as legitimate a mea- 
sure of the true in this shifting universe, as in the cold denial 
given by rational conviction to the vagaries of casual feeling. 



95 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

The plots and feats of those that press 

To seize on titles, wealth, and power, 
Shall seem to thee a game of chess, 

Devised to pass a tedions honr. 
What matters it to him who fights 

For shows of unsubstantial good, 
Whether his kings and queens and knights 

Be things of flesh, or things of wood ! 

T. B. Macaulay. 

And but two ways are offered to our will : 

Toil with rare triumph, ease with safe disgrace — 

The problem still for us and all the human race. 

J. R. Lowell. 

Truth is one ; 
And, in all lands beneath the sun, 
Whoso hath eves to see may see 
The tokens of its unity. J. G. Whittier. 

Whene'er a noble deed is wrought, 

Whene'er is spoken a noble thought, 

Our hearts, in glad surprise, 

To higher levels rise. H. W. Longfellow. 

Get leave to work 
In this world, — 'tis the best you get at all. 

E. B. Browning. 

It is not the deed 
A man does, but the way that he does it, should plead 

For the man's compensation in doing it. 

Owen Meredith, 
96 




■ 



£>,p'cl/»om Moto. Cj/vKCiify /!>■* "JMcati o/'&f/r. " Co/iyi'ty/it JS'/J 6y S. 3). &Wat. 



J^LA*/ +AI 0*\jt*fOy** 



IX. 

FROM ITALY. 

C^SAR LOMBROSO, 

Turin, Italy, 
Professor of Anthropology in the University of Turin, 

PAOLO MANTEGAZZA, 
Kcw^ Florence, Italy, 

Physician, Author, Scientist, and Professor in the Anthropo- 
logical Institute, Florence. 



<Yw«Av 






ml 



97 



GENIUS AND SANCTITY. 



EXAMPLES OF THE LEAST IMPERFECT MEN AND WOMEN. 



Anything from the pen of Professor Cresar Lombroso, Professor of Anthro- 
pology in the University of Turin, founder of the science of criminology, and 
the u greatest man of genius since Darwin," will attract the attention of the 
thoughtful man. 



PROFESSOR C^SAR LOMBROSO 

writes thus : — 

g PRIORI it would appear easy to solve the ques- 
tion of the qualities forming the perfect man, 
mingling in a single person those of genius and 
of sanctity. But the alienist knows that the greatest 
geniuses among men of action are " nearly always " 
deficient in moral sense and common sense, and would 
come to a criminal end if their intelligence did not hold 
their other qualities in check. 

Vice versa, the very good, not having genius, but pre- 
tending to a great altruism in one direction, have an ex- 
aggerated egoism in another. I have never seen worse 
men than among the grand philanthropists. 

I know no perfect men, but I have known twenty-one 
"least imperfect" — that is, who possessed no criminal 
characteristics. Five of these were mathematicians or 
naturalists. One was a priest. Three were soldiers, one 
of whom had spinal trouble and one apoplexy. Four (one 
man-of-letters, one histologist, one mathematician, one 
governor) possessed the true fire of genius, but were not 

99 




C^SAR LOMBROSO. 

illustrious examples of the newest altruism. Two were 
cretins, of whom one had a son phthisical, and the other 
had one cancerous. Three were lacking in beard. Two 
were operatives. One was a farmer. Total, twenty-one. 

If I had lived more among mechanics and farmers it is 
probable I should have found many more " perfect " men. 

The perfect man is a question of the maximum activity 
of epoch, race, etc. The perfect citizen is an imperfect 
countryman. A Cato or a Cincinnatus would not be 
models now ; even a perfect gentleman of the Latin race 
to-day would probably be a manikin in New York. 

The first quality required for the development of the 
perfect man ought to be the health of the organs and the 
power of the mind to suppress defects, with good sense, 
good heart, good humor. He should neither lack in genius 
nor in sentiment; he should have a certain muscular 
energy and will, a certain grade of egoism and of ambition 
to overcome the natural tendency to inertia, a disposition 
to sacrifice self for the family, for country, for humanity, 
but never in enthusiasm surpassing the normal line of the 
public spirit of the epoch, and the race. 

As to the perfect woman (I have known but three quasi- 
perfect, one of whom was a hunchback), sentiment should 
prevail over intelligence, but be less predominant than 
piety. Heart should be more than beauty of body, but 
less than voice and movement, and every mode of the art 
of pleading with grace and taste. 

Certain conditions — external temperature or climate, 
riches, power, morbid heredity, etc. — make it difficult to 
formulate the perfect man. 

100 



CESAR LOMBROSO. 



The question proposed is one of the first order. To 
solve it well two hundred and fifty words would not be 
sufficient ; a most minute study is required relative to the 
persons which appear the most perfect, and then to com- 
pose a synthesis of their composite photographs. 



Q % ^r^^ 



Suvt^pftt /ft 



Good Sense. 
Genius. 
Enthusiasm. 
Piety. 



SUMMARY. 



Power of Mind to 
overcome Defects. 

Muscular Energy. 

Egoism to 

overcome Inertia. 

Ambition. 

Will. 



Health of 
the Organs. 



Good Heart. 
Good Humor. 
Sentiment. 
Self-sacrifice. 
Beauty of Body. 
Beauty of Voice 

and Movement. 
Art of Pleading 

with Grace and Taste. 



101 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[CiESAR Lombroso, one of the greatest geniuses of the present day, and 
whose name is mentioned in comparison with Darwin, was born of Venetian 
parents in 1836. At eleven years of age, imitating Alfieri, he composed trage- 
dies ; at twelve he wrote two books on classical archeology ; and before enter- 
ing the university he wrote on crystals and on sociology. In 1862 he was in 
charge of the department of mental diseases in the university at Pavia, where 
he founded a museum and began the application of exact methods to the study 
of insanity, inventing, among other things, an instrument to measure pain. 
His great work "L'Uomo Delinquente" appeared in 1876, and made an epoch 
in anthropological science. The book is a natural history of the criminal, and 
the author treats his subject by the strict scientific methods of measure and 
weight, as one would a plant, an animal, or a crystal. By this work he is en- 
titled to claim as one founder of the science of criminal anthropology.] 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS, 



THE IMPERFECT MAN. 



It may be well before leaving the anthropological laboratory to 
turn a page of the professor's opus magnum u The Imperfect Man n 
(U Uomo Delinquente), and note the criminal characteristics there 
laid down. They are the large eye-orbits, the strong, broad cheek- 
bones, the voluminous jaw, the short, straight, or "crushed" nose, 
the sharp auriculo-temporal angle, and the cheek line of vice {ride 
da vice). These marks are the outward expression of the imperfect 
man, the expression of the larval instincts — to strike, to kill, to 
violate, to steal, to waylay, murder, rob : instincts found here 
evolved to monstrous activities, dangerous to the community. 



102 



WORK FOR UNIVERSAL HAPPINESS. 



THE IDEAL IN SUNNY ITALY. 



SIGNOR PAOLO MANTEGAZZA,iW>' 

the eminent Italian physiologist and anthropologist, author of 
"Fisiologia del Piacere," "Le Estasi ITniane," and fifteen 
other curious and interesting works, writes us from the Museo 
di Antropologia in Florence : — 

] HAT are the attributes of perfect manhood f 



^^M ^ Humanity would be perfect if it could destroy 

fp sickness, pain, war; if hate and anger and all 
manifestations of evil remained only as aesthetic ex- 
\J pressions and only appeared in works of art as a 
background, a chiaroscuro to bright images of joy and 
beauty. 

What is your ideal ? 

The following is my ideal: — To suffer only when doing 
so will be useful to others ; to love one woman as if she 
alone embodied a thousand good and intelligent ones ; to 
achieve a maximum of work, and contribute with all my 
might to the happiness of others and my own ; to be sur- 
rounded by beautiful things, and die in the glorious hope 
that my children will be better than I have been and my 
grandchildren better than my children. 
"What are the best types ? 

Types of goodness and types of beauty are many and 
multiform as the different beauties of flowers, and to de- 

105 



SIGNOR PAOLO MANTEGAZZA. 

scribe them all would be to write volumes. I shall there- 
fore choose two of the most marked and characteristic. 
In woman, physical and spiritual beauty; a soul which 
seeks the happiness of others rather than its own ; gen- 
tleness, such as calms the violence of evil passions and 
soothes pain; constant serenity, incapability of hatred, 
envy, revenge — every variety of good, together with an 
ever-ready enthusiasm for all that is great and noble and 
high. 

In man, strength and perseverance in the development 
of strength ; an unquenchable desire to rise ever higher, 
lifting up along with one the greatest possible number of 
men, that they also may breath the pure, wholesome at- 
mosphere of the ideal; no kind of weakness — physical, 
moral, or intellectual ; courage and fervor in the strife of 
good against evil; no compromise with base instincts; 
heroism and whole-heartedness. 

What equal qualities of mind, heart, energy, or char- 
acter should be cultivated or what repressed for the higher 
development of man ! 

In order to perfect one's self it is necessary to make a 
profound analytical examination, so as to be able to suffo- 
cate the germs of evil and foster the germs of good. 
Struggle against intemperance, unchastity, avarice, sloth ; 
strengthen and confirm all desires for higher things ; place 
one's chief happiness in one's work and employ it con- 
stantly for the benefit of others, not forgetting one's own 
happiness. 

What organs, systems, or parts of the body, features of 
the face, or convolutions of the brain ought to be increased 

106 



SIGNOR PAOLO MANTEGAZZA. 



and what reduced to render man more godlike and less 
brutelike? 

The sciences of the brain, histology and physiology, are 
at present too much in their infancy for this problem to 
be solved. We may go to the length of saying that a wide 
education directed to the attainment of the above specified 
aims would naturally and necessarily take us further and 
further from the purely animal type and bring us nearer 
to a divine type — that is to say, to one transcending the 
present type of humanity. 

What are the cardinal points to be insisted upon for the 
all-around development of the coming man ? 

To maintain perfect balance between the muscular and 
nervous systems so that all the energies of our organism 
should be equally and harmoniously developed and exer- 
cised : — Fight against the abuse of tobacco, alcoholic 
drinks, and non-alcoholic stimulants (tea, coffee), keeping 
them in reserve as valuable instruments in special emer- 
gencies instead of their becoming a daily necessity ; work 
without fatigue ; have the desire to rise, but no feverish 
ambition ; long and alternated periods of rest for nerves 
and brain by means of journeys and country life. 

What points are to be urged for the awakening of the 
higher intelligence of the young American ? 

Struggle against nervous excitability and the exagger- 
ated greed of wealth. 

What are the essential requisites for the development of 
the perfect man ! 

Every human race and every individual has a different 
idea of perfection, which is only a comparative and often 

107 



SIGNOR PAOLO MANTEGAZZA. 

a subjective conception. I shall endeavor to answer the 
question, keeping as close as possible to the average 
standard of perfection attainable by a man of superior 
race. The perfect man would have a maximum of health 
and longevity, and should have in working order those en- 
ergies of thought and feeling which can procure to himself 
and others the maximum of happiness. And as the mass 
of happiness obtainable from intellectual activity is the 
greatest, it is evident that the care for and development of 
them must be the basis of every logical and liberal educa- 
tion. 

What is the best counsel for the young man of the day ? 

To substitute the love of one for the desire of many, to 
prefer labor to wealth and the joys of others to one's own, 
to work much, to travel much, to seek in the cup of life 
rather for poetry than for filthy lucre, for the ideal rather 
than for the gross (rather for the pleasures of the mind 
than for those of the body). 

What is the first quality in human nature ? 

The unquenchable thirst of progress. 



J2m£ ^a*tfi**<*40* 



SUMMARY. 

Enthusiasm for Great, Noble, and High 
Rise to the Ideal. 

No Compromise 
with Base Instincts. 

A Maximum of Work. Contribute to Happiness. 

Happiness in Work. Create Pictures of Love and Joy. 

108 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Paolo Mantegazza, physician, anthropologist, psychologist, moralist, 
and popular writer, formerly professor of pathology in the University of Pavia, 
at present professor of anthropology in the Institute di Studii Superiori in 
Florence, was born at Monza in 1831. At an early age he wrote poetry. He 
studied medicine at Pisa, Milan, and Pavia, travelled through France, Ger- 
many, and England, and in 1854 at Paris produced his first book, "Fisiologia 
del Piacere," a remarkable book, "a programme, so to speak, of his lifework." 
He travelled in South America, returning to Italy in 1858, was elected pro- 
fessor at Pavia, and later became director of the School of Anthropology in 
Florence. Professor Mantegazza is connected with many learned societies, 
and author .of a score of interesting books and many scientific memoirs. 
Among his recent popular works are 'the following : " Fisiologia dell Amore," 
" Fisiologia del Piacere," " Le Estasi Umane," "Le Tre Giazie," "La Natura," 
"Fisiologie del Dolore."] 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS, 

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HAPPINESS. 

"Nature," begins the professor, "has conceded to us many 
pleasures in the world of the senses; but the greatest joys are 
those in conformity with nature. The most intense pleasures 
await us on the heights of sentiment, in the courageous struggle 
of the passions, in the vigorous labors of the mind." 

He has a firm faith in the actual world. 

"To those," he continues, " who have cried out to me for cen- 
times : ' Brethren, learn how to die ! ' we can now respond in still 
louder and stronger tones : l Brethren, learn how to live ! ' and 
this knowledge may be acquired from the following Decalogue of 
Hedonism (science of happiness), by the observance of which every 
man can secure a lasting happiness for himself." 



109 



SIGNOR PAOLO MANTEGAZZA. 

He then gives us the following 

"HEDONIC DECALOGUE." 

I. Work ever. 
II. Love ever. 

III. Thou shalt love woman better than thyself. 

IV. Never place in the balance of life the gratitude of others. 
V. Instead of hating, educate ; instead of despising, smile. 

Vl. From the nettle extract flax, and from the wormwood, 
medicine. 
VII. Never stoop except to assist the fallen. 
VIII. Let your ambition be less than your genius. 
IX. Ask yourself every evening : " What good act have I done 

to-day 1 " 
X. Always have a new book in your library, a full bottle in 
your cellar, and in your garden a virgin flower. 



Pleasures are divided, according to Mantegazza, into three 
classes : 

Pleasures of the senses : eating and drinking, pleasures resulting 
from alcoholic and narcotic stimulants, physical exertion, sensuous 
enjoyment, etc. 

Pleasures of sentiment : the joys of egotism, ambition, pride, love 
of animals, hospitality, love, friendship, etc. 

Pleasures of the intellect : study, fancy, will, curiosity, metoiory, 
ridicule, etc. 

HEDONIC APHORISMS. 

The book closes with fifty aphorisms on happiness, from which 
the following are selected : 

1 ■ There are many new joys unknown to man, and which he will 
find along the splendid path of civilization." 

110 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

" Morality is the art of happiness rightly applied to the good of 
all" 

" ImmoraUty is the abuse of this art for the benefit of an indi- 
vidual and to the detriment of society." 

" The pleasures of virtue and sacrifice are bills of exchange for 
eternity." 

" Ignoble pleasures are the suicides of pleasure." 

"For the right-minded man the criminality of pleasure is 
measured by the exact rule of the remorse which follows." 

" To deliver one's self up exclusively to the pursuit of happiness 
is either cynicism or refined wantonness ; to seek it in the lofty 
regions of morality and intelligence is to find the shortest and 
surest road to happiness." 

" The forms of politeness are more manifold than the costumes 
of an actor: but the backbone of all civility, past, present, and 
future, is reduced to this formula: Be happy, and make others 
happy." 

"The ideal type of human perfection consists in eliminating 
sorrow from the sensations, and diffusing among all men born 
the greatest number of pleasures." 

PLEASURE CAN BE MEASURED. 

Every individual has his own gradation of susceptibility, and 
every pleasure its respective scale. 

All persons can, with the aid of experience, determine the inten- 
sity of many pleasures, seeking always the greater. The follow- 
ing are a few scales taken from the various intellectual types. 

In a person of low intellectuality the pleasures derived from 
sense which reach a maximum are first, alcoholic intoxication, next 
from eating and drinking ; while the pleasures derived from physi- 
cal exertion, or from smell — odor of flowers, etc. — are at a mini- 
mum. 

Ill 



SIGNOR PAOLO MANTEGAZZA. 

In a high intellectual type the maximum of sensuous pleasure is 
derived from narcotic stimulus, from embraces, caresses, etc., from 
music, the stimulus of coffee, etc. ; while that from eating and 
drinking is at a minimum. 

The pleasures of sentiment in low types are most strongly 
aroused from gratified egotism and self-love, and in a less degree 
from love of offspring and love of money j while pleasure in the 
sentiment of honor and of benevolence is at a minimum. 

In a high type, on the contrary, the gratification of the sense of 
honor, together with the feelings arising from patriotism, friend- 
ship, benevolence, give the maximum of pleasure ; while egotism, 
love of property, and love of combat are at a minimum. 

The pleasures of intellect are in a like manner graded. 

In a low type of mind the sense of the ridiculous is easily roused, 
curiosity next, will and fancy with greater difficulty ; the desire 
for study, thought, is wanting. 

In the high type the exercise of the will is first in point of pleas- 
ure, love of study second, curiosity is third, exercise of memory 
fourth, ridicule standing lowest. 



[Note. — These extracts, written by Mantegazza at the age of twenty-three,, 
may be compared with his valuable letter to us written at the ripe age of sixty. 
Both are worth a careful perusal, though one's views may differ radically from, 
those expressed.] 



112 



X. 

NAT U R A L I S M . 

DR. HENRY MAUDSLEY, 

London, England, 
Neurologist and Anthropologist. 



113 



CULTIVATE STRENGTH. 



NATURE DOES NOT CARE A STRAW FOR THE INDIVIDUAL. 



DR. HENRY MAUDSLEY, 




the eminent neurologist and anthropologist, writes from 
London : — 

||[ L WAYS must a perfect man be, I imagine, an im- 
perfect specimen of the species. 

In physical qualities one might theoretically 
¥• wish him to be as strong as Hercules, as beautiful as 
Apollo, as swift as Mercury ; but if he possessed any 
one of these qualities in such admirable perfection, he 
must needs lack the other two. And if he possessed them 
only in such relative balance as would consist with his 
being a congruous creature, not a monstrosity, even were 
he the best proportioned man, he would be no very re- 
markable specimen of the perfection of any one of them. 
Similarly in respect of mental qualities — having a pro- 
found and meditative, philosophic intellect, it is pretty cer- 
tain that he would be incapacitated or pretty nearly so 
from great and daring enterprise and action ; having the 
keenest and most subtle poetic or artistic sensibilities, he 
could not well be a hard and sagacious reasoner and suc- 
cessful worker in the coarse affairs of practical life ; and 
having carried moral sensibilities to an ideal realization 
(which most persons profess to desire though they take 
good care to stay in the profession only), he would prob- 
ably be effeminate if not emasculate, always at the mercy 

115 



DR. HENRY MAUDSLEY. 

of any scoundrel who desired to take advantage of him, 
and destitute, at any rate, of the wholesome fund of ani- 
mality which is necessary to sound breeding. 

Worldly wisdom and other world wisdom don't somehow 
seem to jump well together. So that here also perfection 
in one direction seems of necessity to entail imperfection 
in another. 

The truth is, I take it, that nature does not care a straw 
for the individual, but is concerned only about the species, 
and that it finds the best way of perfecting the species to 
be by fashioning and using a variety of individuals having 
respectively special qualities in more or less perfection ; 
so many excellent special organs of the species, so to 
speak, but of necessity, therefore, imperfect specimens of 
its whole qualities. 

Are not people nowadays, with their incontinent com- 
passions, their benevolent aspirations and their socialistic 
longings, making too much account of the individual? 
The shrieking self-pity of mankind, is it not becoming a 
deafening nuisance? When they have pulled down the 
strong and set up the weak, prolonged the infirmest hu- 
man life to its utmost tether, distributed wealth and com- 
fort as equally as they can, resolved to no more hurt and 
destroy animals for their pleasure or profit, abolished war 
and made men a race of gentle beings of sheeplike peace- 
ableness and of antlike uniformity in well-doing, will they 
then have really improved the species ? 

For my part, I think not. They will have enervated and 

deteriorated it — brought it probably to a stagnant, unpro- 

gressive, China-like state of decadence or retrogression ! 

116 



DR. HENRY MAUDSLEY. 



Perhaps that is, after all, the end which nature, in its 
customary ironical fashion, designs — that civilized societies 
should go to decay and perish by the practice of their 
virtues. 



SUMMARY. 

Philosophic Intellect. 

Strength. 

Swiftness. 

Daring Enterprise. 
Sagacious Reasoner 

worker in Practical Affairs. 

Artistic Sensibilities. 
Beauty of Person. 
Sympathetic Sensibilities. 

[Each of these, as Dr. Maudsley has shown, may constitute a 
perfect type of itself.] 



117 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Henry Maudsley was born near Giggleswich, Settle, Yorkshire, Eng- 
land, February 5, 1835. He was educated at Giggleswich school and Uni- 
versity College, London ; studied medicine at University College, and grad- 
uated at the University of London in 1857 ; was physician to the Manchester 
Royal Lunatic Hospital from 1859 to 1862 ; was made Fellow of the Royal Col- 
lege of Physicians in 1869, and was appointed Gulstonian Lecturer to the 
College in 1870. He is a Fellow of University College, London, was lately 
professor of Medical Jurisprudence in the same college, and is consulting 
physician to the West London Hospital. He has been president of the 
Medico-Psychological Association of Great Britian and Ireland. His books 
are "The Physiology of Mind," "The Pathology of Mind," "Body and Mind," 
and "Responsibility in Mental Disease."] 



EXTRACTS FROM DR, MAUDSLEY'S WORKS, 

MORALITY AND THE WILL. 

In speaking of the genesis of the will, Dr. Maudsley says the 
will has power to execute and to prevent execution, and its highest 
energies are controlling. Our appetites and passions urge to grati- 
fication, will and reason curb them. How does this power origi- 
nate ? A dog seizes a piece of meat, is whipped for the theft ; an 
infant seizes hold of a bright object, and is burned ; the memory of 
the pain ensuing from these hasty movements checks a like hasty 
movement on another occasion. This process the doctor works 
out in brain cell and fiber. The man of the future, knowing that 
physical and mental processes are parallel, may then rightly say, 
after the manner of Spinoza, that the brain is visible mind and the 
mind invisible brain. 

HEALTH OF MIND. 

The salutary sphere of religious activity for the individual is 
practical work among his kind ; the just aim of moral develop- 
ment, to surmount self by not thinking of self. The soundest 

118 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

morality is that which is least self-conscious. Exaggerated egoism 
may take the inward direction of mysticism or asceticism or the 
outward direction of passionate propagation of new doctrine. True 
holiness is true healthiness. An ascetic is a pessimist who emas- 
culates manliness and calls it sainthness. 

To the supposed communion with the supernatural Dr. Mauds- 
ley applies the scientific term Psycholepsy. Of this he formulates 
seven varieties : theological illumination, metaphysical intuition, 
catalepsy, fanatical transport or fury, frenzy of epidemic emotion, 
fascination of fear, and ecstasy of gross brain disease. All these 
states are to be regarded as morbid or abnormal. " The saints in 
reality do not rise above the average level of goodness in 

sincerity of nature, 

genuine consideration of others, 

quiet self-suppression, 

manliness of feeling, 

sound judgment of men and things, 

wise conduct of life.'' 

OX SWEDEXBORG. 

A habit of excogitating vague and hypothetical plausibilities is 
not difficult of acquirement, but is very detrimental to exact obser- 
vation and sound reasoning. There is commonly greater profit, 
though attended with more pains and less pleasure, in scrutinizing 
and scrupulously testing one good theory than in putting forth a 
hundred empty hypotheses ; self-restraint being a far higher energy 
than self-abandonment. 

The greatest men, who have preserved a healthy tone of mind 
and displayed the highest intellectual energy, have not separated 
themselves from other men, but have lived in sympathy with them, 
and have moved and had then' being among them. As outward 
expression of idea is essential to its clearness of conception, so a 

119 



DR. MAUDSLEY. 

life of action is essential to the highest life of thought. It is in the 
social as it is in the bodily organism : the surrounding elements of 
the structure ever exert a beneficial controlling influence on any 
element which has taken on an excessive individual action ; and if 
this escape from such modifying influence, its energy runs into 
disease, and it becomes an excrescence. 

A GREAT SCIENTIFIC TRUTH. 

The history of a man is his character, and his character is written 
in his organization, and might be read there had we but senses 
acute enough to decipher the organic letters. There is not a 
thought of the mind, not a feeling of the heart, not an aspiration 
of the soul, not a passion which finds vent, not a deed which is 
done, that is not graved with an unfailing art in the structure of 
the body ; its every organ and the constituent elements of each 
organ grow to the fashion of their exercise, and there is nothing 
covered that might not be revealed, nothing hid that might not be 
known. Is not this a high, solemn, and appalling thought? If 
there be a resurrection of the body, then the opening of the book 
at the day of judgment will be an unfolding of the everlasting roll 
of its remembrance ; but if the body rise not again, still its life 
has not passed issueless, for every act has blended with and become 
a part of the energy of nature, increasing or diminishing the evil or 
good in it, and will never through all time have an end. 



120 



XI. 

MAXIMS FROM LIVING MEN 



THE RT. HON. W. E. GLADSTONE. 

Every generation of man is a laborer for that which succeeds it, 
and makes an addition to that great sum-total of achieved results, 
which may, in commercial phrase, be called the capital of the race. 

My belief is, that as years gather more and more upon us, we 
estimate more and more highly our debt to preceding ages. 

The hope of enduring fame is, without doubt, a powerful incent- 
ive to virtuous action, and you may suffer it to float before you as 
a vision of refreshment, second always and second in the long in- 
terval to your conscience and the will of God. ... So then the 
thirst of an enduring fame is near akin to the love of true excellence. 

In many things it is wise to believe before experience — until you 
may know ; and believe me when I tell you that the thrift of time will 
repay you in after-life with an usury of profit beyond your most san- 
guine dreams, and that the waste of it will make you dwindle, alike 
in intellectual and moral stature, beyond your darkest reckonings. 

Man is to be trained chiefly by studying and by knowing man. 

Life should be spent in a strong, continuous effort to improve 
the apparatus for the guidance of life, both in thought and action. 

Every real and searching effort at self -improvement is of itself 
a lesson of profound humility. 

The day of diligence, duty, and devotion leaves us richer than it 
found us. 

It is the office of good sense, no less than of faith, to realize this 
great truth before we see it, and to live under the conviction that 

121 



GLADSTONE. 

our life from day to day is a true, powerful, and searching disci- 
pline, moulding us and making us, whether it be for evil or for good. 

Beauty is not an accident of things, it pertains to their essence ; 
it pervades the wide range of creation ; and whenever it is impaired 
or banished, we have in this fact the proof of the moral disorder 
which disturbs the world. 

What we are bound to do is this : to take care that everything 
we produce shall, in its kind and class, be as good as we can make it. 

The quest of beauty leads all those who engage in it to the ideal 
or normal man, as the summit of attainable excellence. 

There is no breathing man to whom the alternatives of right and 
wrong are not continually present. 

We are bound to avoid occasions of anger. 

I know not what true definition there is for any age or peo- 
ple of the highest excellence in any kind, unless it be perpetual 
effort upwards in pursuit of an object higher than ourselves, higher 
than our works, higher even than our hopes, yet beckoning us on 
from hour to hour, and always permitting us to apprehend in part. 

Moral elements of character are as true and often as powerful a 
factor in framing judgments upon matters of human interest and 
action as intellectual forces. 

A life that is to be active ought to find refreshment in the midst 
of labors, nay, to draw refreshment from them. But this it can- 
not do unless the man can take up the varied employments of the 
world with something of a childlike freshness. 

The three highest titles that can be given a man are those of 
martyr, hero, saint. 

It is the law of the growth of man that the acts which he does 
shall themselves react upon, expand, confirm, and accomplish that 
constitution from which they proceeded. 

Sympathy is a principle which for the most part gives increased 
energy to action. 

122 



XTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

Your wish is to lead a life that is manful, modest, truthful, 
active, diligent, generous, humble : take for your motto these won- 
derful words of the Apostle, where he says, u Whatsoever things 
are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are pure, 
whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good re- 
port" — everything that is good is to be within your view, and 
nothing that is not good. 

For works of the mind really great there is no old age, no de- 
crepitude. 

The climax of all art, it seems to be agreed, is the rendering of 
the human form. 

In the sphere of personal life most men are misled through the 
medium of the dominant faculty of their nature. 

THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY, LL.D., F.R.S. 

FROM "LAY SERMONS AND ADDRESSES." 

The chess-board is the world, the pieces are the phenomena of 
the universe, the rules of the game are what we call the laws of 
Nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. We 
know that his play is always fair, just, and patient. But also we 
know, to our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the 
smallest allowance for ignorance. To the man who plays well the 
highest stakes are paid, with that sort of overflowing generosity 
with which the strong shows delight in strength. And one who 
plays ill is checkmated — without haste, but without remorse. 

Well, what I mean by education is learning the rules of this 
mighty game. In other words, education is the instruction of the 
intellect in the laws of Nature, under which name I include not 
merely things and their forces, but men and their ways. 

That man, I think, has had a liberal education who has been so 
trained in youth that his body is the ready servant of his will, and 

123 



THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY. 

does with ease and pleasure all the work that, as a mechanism, it 
is capable of ; whose intellect is a clear, cold, logic engine, with all 
its parts of eqnal strength, and in smooth working order ; ready, 
like a steam-engine, to be turned to any kind of work, and spin 
the gossamers as well as forge the anchors of the mind ; whose 
mind is stored with a knowledge of the great and fundamental 
truths of Nature and of the laws of her operations ; one who, no 
stunted ascetic, is full of life and fire, but whose passions are 
trained to come to heel by a vigorous will, the servant of a tender 
conscience ; who has learned to love all beauty, whether of Nature 
or of art 5 to hate all vileness, and to respect others as himself. 

METHODS OF THE SCIENCES. 

1. Observation of facts — including under this head that artificial 
observation which is called experiment 

2. That process of tying up similar facts into bundles, ticketed 
and ready for use, which is called comparison and classification — 
the results of the process, the ticketed bundles, being named gen- 
eral propositions. 

3. Deduction, which takes us from the general proposition to 
facts again — teaches us, if I may so say, to anticipate from the 
ticket what is inside the bundle. And finally — 

4. Verification, which is the process of ascertaining whether, in 
point of fact, our anticipation is a correct one. 

Such are the methods of all science whatsoever ; but perhaps 
you will permit me to give you an illustration of their employment 
in the science of Life. 

The alleviation of the miseries and the promotion of the welfare 

of men must be sought by those who will not lose their pains in 

that diligent, patient, loving study of all the multitudinous aspects 

of Nature, the results of which constitute exact knowledge, or 

science. 

124 



XII. 

FROM CHURCH DIGNITARIES. 

J. L. SPALDING, D.D., 

Bishop of Peoria, Illinois. 

RICHARD H. CLARKE, LL.D., 
Author of "Lives of the American Bishops." 



12 i 



DEVELOP ALL THE FACULTIES. 



A LIVING FAITH, NOBLE ASPIRATION, STEADFAST PURPOSE, AND THE INNER 

LIFE. 



J. L. SPALDING, D.D. 



Bishop of Peoria, Illinois, author of " Keligious Mission of the 
Irish People," "Essays and Keviews," etc., etc., writes: — 

;0 be good, the unfolding of human life should tend 
to harmony and completeness. The American youth 
should strive to develop all the faculties with which he is 
endowed. 

2. The best means of culture is a living faith in God, as 
the infinitely wise, true, and perfect Being — this united 
to high thought, noble aspiration, and steadfast purpose. 

3. He should have belief in the worth of the inner life, 
patience and perseverance. 

4. Let him observe, reflect, deny himself, and learn to 
trust the transforming power of labor. 

Yours truly, 

SUMMARY. 
Faith. 

High Thought. 

Observe. 

Reflect. 



Steadfastness. 
Self-denial. 



Labor. 



Believe in 

the Inner Life. 



12' 



THE NATIONAL CHARACTER. 



WHAT DEVELOPMENTS ARE MOST NEEDED. 



RICHARD H. CLARKE, L.L.D., 




Director of the Protectory, author of "Lives of American 
Bishops," president of various literary and art societies, con- 
tributes the following : — 



LMERICAN youth cannot be well viewed as entirely 
|^ separate from the nation to which they belong, 
nor from the families of which they are members. 
An American or national character fully formed 
i would go far to form the character of our youths. 
The immense influx of various nationalities has greatly 
retarded the consolidation of our national character, and 
thus impeded the formation of individual character. With 
a well formed and cemented national character, a true and 
generous Americanism, the nation would tend with greater 
power and success to working out its great and glorious 
future. American youth would then receive an immense 
development of characteristic force, and would almost un- 
consciously push forward in achieving their country's des- 
tiny. I should say that American youth stand much in 
need of that public national spirit which generates true 
patriotism, and goes far to form the personal character of 
its youth and to fit citizens generally for their public and 
private vocations. 

Coming more directly to details, I think that an indi- 
vidual character would be but imperfectly formed that 

128 



RICHARD H. CLARKE, LL.D. 

lacks any of the features you mention. "What would a 
man be worth in the competition of the nineteenth cen- 
tury, who lacked a good physique; or, if possessing a 
good physique, was wanting in moral or intellectual 
power ; or, if possessing all these, he was deficient in so- 
cial tastes to an extent to prevent his good qualities from 
being felt by others ; or, if he were even of a social bent 
of character, and possessed a good physique, intellect, 
morals, and yet, by neglecting the athletic and hygienic, 
suffered his health and strength to be dissipated, and pre- 
mature death courted? The aesthetic, the love of the 
beautiful, might seem to some the least indispensable, but 
this is a great mistake ; there is no character so common- 
place as not to feel its influence and seek its enjoyment. 
Xo home is too humble wholly to neglect its culture. It 
is a powerful formative of character. 

A well-balanced character needs all these and other 
developments to constitute the typical man of our age, or 
the coming man. Those other developments most needed 
are: 

1st. Eeligion ; for it is a noted feature of our age that 

practical and believing religion is disappearing among the 

great body of our people. Eeligion is the key-stone of all 

character. The life and teachings of Christ go farther 

than all else in forming a level character. I would not 

have our American youth become controversialists, but at 

least sincere Christians ; and, that their light be not hid 

under a bushel, I would like to see them become sincere 

members of the church of their convictions. 

2d. I think home culture and training have greatly 

129 



RICHARD H. CLARKE, LL.D. 

weakened in modern times, and the life of our young men 
is passed too much away from home. Home is the foun- 
tain source of education and character. Young men, stay 
at home ! 

3d. I think our education is too superficial and lacking 
in thoroughness. Classical and scientific education should 
be more united in the same course than they are, and 
each, when pursued alone, should aim at making more 
thorough scholars. 

4th. I think our American youth are too much given 
to seeking admission to a few professions, such as may be 
characterized as the learned professions, to the neglect of 
scientific, practical, and useful occupations. Thus the 
higher walks of life are crowded by numbers, and weakened 
in excellence, while we are dependent upon immigration 
for most kinds of mechanical, manual, and domestic labor. 
Every nation should possess within itself the means of 
complete national and domestic as well as individual life. 
In peace we should live as war might compel us to live, 
and yet avoid all occasions of war. Economy is commend- 
able, not so much as a means for amassing wealth, as a 
means of being charitable, generous, and public spirited. 

The special training, discipline, or culture best adapted 
to attain what we need would be a true missionary and 
apostolic spirit in religion; a successful temperance re- 
form; the abolition of divorce; the discovery of some 
remedy for the social evil ; the crushing out of politics as 
a business ; civil-service reform ; the ennobling of labor 
and the education of the laborer; punishment of all 
breaches of contract and of incompetency in all compen- 

130 



RICHARD H. CLARKE, LL.D. 



sated service, from the domestic service to the bank presi- 
dent ; compelling all schools to be more thorough in their 
respective courses ; employment and compensation to go 
only with special training for the work, in the family ser- 
vice and in every service ; the union of man and woman 
in the same clubs (for since clubs we must have, I would 
not have purely men's clubs nor women's clubs) ; I would 
enhance the influence of home, and anchor the affections 
there ; encouragement of early marriages ; the substitution 
of peaceful arbitration in lieu of war. Such a nation 
would be the foremost of nations, and from her citizens 
must spring the coming man. 

Such a nation would have a grand national character : 
youths of such a nation would have the most perfect indi- 
vidual character. The national character must be well 
formed before the type of individual character can be 



given to the citizen. 




^#*-^fc> 



SUMMARY. 



Intellectual Power. 
Classical Training. 
Scientific Training. 

Moral Power. 
A Good Physique. 
Hygienic Training. 
Practical Occupation. 
Mechanical Labor. 
Manual Labor. 



Athletic Training. 

^Esthetic Training- 
Social Training. 
Home Training. 
Early and 

Indissoluble Marriage. 
131 



EXTRACTS FROM CATHOLIC WRITINGS. 
(By the Chief Justice of Arizona, the Bishop of Peoria, and others.) 

The American people are what may be called naturalists. 

The secret of a man's power lies first in his own self -develop- 
ment, by which he becomes master of himself, and secondly in the 
skillful direction of the organized power of others, by which he be- 
comes master of them. 

We have first in order, then, the development of the inner man 
by that wide acquaintance with men and things which we have 
seen is only to be gained through the channels of literature. After 
the individual has been trained and perfected in the use of his 
faculties — that is, after he has been educated — -then through com- 
bination with his fellow-men may he hope to attain those wide- 
reaching results which lie so far beyond the regions of mere 
individual effort. 

The sixteenth century movement was reactive in its character ; 
... it was that principle which proclaimed that the individual was 
a law unto himself — his responsibility lay within the small limits 
of his own caprice. . . . How remedy this f By combination, by 
organization — by merging the individual into a collective whole, 
and fighting it out on the co-operative plan. . . . But there is 
danger here, and to this danger we are tending. The reaction 
from the slavery of individualism is hurrying us into the slavery 
of socialism. . . . Thus is the pendulum of human nature swing- 
ing back to that other extreme. 

Let the young man be prepared to enter the arena equipped and 
vigilant. Let the energy of his youth and the superfluous vigor 
of his years be directed along organized lines, for his "are the 
wrestling thews that throw the world." All the virtues that he 
possesses, in alliance with noble ends, can make him master of the 
situation. 



132 



EXTRACTS FROM CATHOLIC WRITINGS. 
TOO MUCH MONEY AND TOO LITTLE SOUL. 

To our young men, however, high thoughts and heroic senti- 
ments are what they are to a railroad, president or a bank cashier 
— mere nonsense. Life for them is wholly prosaic, and without 
illusions. They transform ideas into interests, faith into a specu- 
lation, and love into a financial transaction. They have no vague 
yearnings for what cannot be ; hardly have they any passions. 
They are cold and calculating. They deny themselves, and do 
not believe in self-denial ; they are active, and do not love labor ; 
they are energetic, and have no enthusiasm ; they approach life 
with the hard, mechanical thoughts with which a scientist studies 
matter. 

What we have is not what we are ; and the all-important thing 
is to be, and not to have. Our possessions belong to us only in a 
mechanical way. The poet's soul owns the stars and the moonlit 
heavens, the mountains and the rivers, the flowers and the birds, 
more truly than a millionaire owns his bonds. What I know is 
mine, and what I love is mine ; and as my knowledge widens and 
my love deepens, my life is enlarged and intensified. 

The only example which I can call to mind of an historic peo- 
ple, whose ideals are altogether material and mechanical, is that of 
China. Are we, then, destined to become a sort of Chinese Em- 
pire, with three hundred millions of human beings, and not a 
divine man or woman? — is this to be the final outcome of our na- 
tional life? Is the commonest man the only type which in a 
democratic society will in the end survive ? Does universal equality 
mean universal inferiority ? Are republican institutions fatal to 
noble personality? Are the people as little friendly to men of 
moral and intellectual superiority as they are to men of great 
wealth ? Is their dislike of the millionaires but a symptom of then- 
aversion to all who in any way are distinguished from the crowd ? 

133 



EXTRACTS FROM CATHOLIC WRITINGS. 

And is this the explanation of the blight which falls npon the im- 
agination and the hearts of the young 1 

The greater onr control of nature becomes, the more its treas- 
ures are explored and utilized, the greater the need of strong per- 
sonality to counteract the fatal force of matter. Just as men in 
tropical countries are overwhelmed and dwarfed by nature's rich 
profusion, so in this age, in which industry and science have pro- 
duced resources far beyond the power of unassisted nature, only 
strong characters, marked individualities can resist the influences 
of wealth and machinery which tend to make man of less impor- 
tance than that which he eats and wears — to make him subordinate 
to the tools he uses. 

The noblest and most gifted men and women are alone supremely 
interesting and abidingly memorable. The aim — at least, in this 
way alone can I look at human life — is not to make rich and suc- 
cessful bankers, merchants, farmers, lawyers, and doctors, but to 
make noble and enlightened men. 

It is our worst misfortune that we have no ideals. Who will 
understand that to be is better than to have, and that in truth a 
man is worth only what he is ? Ah ! do you love knowledge for 
itself ? — for it is good, it is godlike to know. Do you love virtue 
for its own sake ? — for it is eternally and absolutely right to be 
virtuous. Instead of giving your thoughts and desires to wealth 
and position, learn to know how little of such things a true and 
wise man needs ; for the secret of a happy life does not he in the 
means and opportunities of indulging our weaknesses, but in know- 
ing how to be content with what is reasonable, that time and 
strength may remain for the cultivation of our nobler nature. 

Rely on steady, faithful work. 

Watch your company. Association teaches more than books. 
Aim to pass your social hours only with the brave, the noble, and 
the good. 

134 



XIII. 

FROM EMINENT HEBREWS. 

THE REV. G. GOTTHEIL, 

New York, 
Jewish Rabbi and Leader. 

FELIX ADLER, 

New York, 
Independent Jewish Leader. 



135 



THE MORE WE ADVANCE THE HARDER THE 

TASK. 

THE ENGLISH GENTLEMAN AND LADY AS IDEALS. 




THE REV. G. GOTTHEIL, 

the eminent Kabbi of Xew York, sends this communication : — 

HO can tell what God meant ns to be ! Onr ideal 
is formed from onr natures, taste, environ- 
ments, and fates ; the more we advance the 
harder the task. In onr restlessly searching, and 
therefore skeptical, age, it becomes perplexing. In 
religion faith is eclipsed and reason confessedly bankrupt ; 
ethics is helpless to find a safe footing, and hope is blasted 
by the last word of philosophy. Pessimism rules the day. 
The Christian Scriptures say: "What will it profit a 
man to gain the whole world if he loses his soul ? " But 
the Light of Asia taught that this care for our souls is our 
original sin and the root of all evil, of death itself; and by 
that light walk one-third of the human race. They also 
hold that feeding on the flesh of living creatures after we 
had murdered them is the sin of sins. Our perfect man 
enjoys his beef and mutton and prays that the Creator of 
the poor innocent beast may make him truly thankful for 
the gifts of His mercy. Who is right ? 

Humanity points away from our side of the question. 
Those Asiatics have, for long ages, shunned strong drink ; 
Christians found only yesterday that this was right. Must 
we be teetotallers ! " Where Satan cannot go in person 

137 



THE REV. G. GOTTHEIL. 

he sends wine as his lieutenant," said the Jewish rabbis 
also long ago. May the ideal man smoke! I trust he 
may, because I like it myself. But Tolstoi just told us that 
its charm lies in its power to stifle conscience, and tells of 
men who steeled themselves to murder by a cigarette. 

Are luxuries lawful ? Laveley writes : " All that is really 
luxury cannot be other than immoral, unjust, and inhu- 
man." I heard the originator of the beard movement in 
England say : " Who shaves is an atheist." Imagine ! the 
Pope and His Grace of Canterbury atheists ! May a man 
own houses or fields 1 Prudhomme brands " thief " on his 
forehead. Or dare we be rich ? The socialist would mark 
us the workingman's deadly foes. Ought we feel pity for 
sufferers ? So exalted a character as Spinoza says no ; it 
is a passion, for all its seeming goodness, and therefore 
to be kept from the soul that would live after the geo- 
metrical scheme of his ethics. 

Amid this whirl what remains for me but to try and 
stand upon my own legs and to say: The perfect man 
ought to be like myself minus my faults and foibles and 
sins, and with the good in me made much better — a cor- 
rected edition of my original. His religion should be 
framed on the pattern of mine, for if I knew a better one 
I would accept it this minute. Love his neighbor he 
should, provided that individual is lovable; if not, how 
can he do it without becoming unlovely himself ! But he 
must be able to hate, too, for there are many hateful things 
in this imperfect life, and I find persons whose charity 
covers up all crimes to be good for little in the world. 

The British are commended for being " good haters." 

138 



THE REV. G. GOTTHEIL. 

Loving neighbors is good, but being just to them better, 
far better, for I can be just to the darkest soul, which 
never can love, except perhaps on the Buddhist principle 
that he is I and I am he and that we are mutually respon- 
sible for our falls. Some Christians love the Jews dearly, 
but could not be more unjust to them if they hated them 
like Torquemada or Stocker. In Hebrews it is promised 
that into the heavenly Jerusalem shall enter " the spirits 
of the just made perfect." The just man cannot be unjust 
to himself — nay, not even to please God — as Job of old 
contended with triumphant success. 

The perfect man will, therefore, never confess himself 
" a miserable sinner " when he knows that he is righting 
the good fight daily and every misdeed burns like fire in 
his bosom. Of this also I am certain, we must set before 
us the ideal of the English gentleman and lady, who come 
so near social perfection that I cannot see how the Al- 
mighty can exclude them from the company of His angels. 
Paradise would be tormented with envy to see some of 
them go to the other place, whatever their belief or unbe- 
lief may have been while they were in the flesh. 

It might have been better for my reputation had I taken 
the hint from the Persian who said : " Those that know 
Glod are silent." I have some knowledge of the perfect 
man, but cannot describe him, because it takes a perfect 
man to do it. Not being that, I will attempt it no further. 
Very truly yours, 



-r- <? 




139 



JEWISH MAXIMS. 

(Selections from the Talmud.) 

Open not thy mouth to speak evil. 

First learn and then teach. 

Bather skin a carcass for pay in the public streets than lie idly 
dependent on charity. 

Deal with those who are fortunate. 

He who mixes with unclean things becomes unclean himself ; 
he whose associations are pure becomes more holy with each day. 

Be yielding to thy superior ; be affable towards the young ; be 
friendly with all mankind. 

Silence is the fence round wisdom. 

Rather be the tail among lions than the head among foxes. 

Say little and do much. 

When others gather, do thou disperse; when others disperse, 
gather. 

When thou art the only purchaser, then buy ; when other buy- 
ers are present, be thou nobody. 

Despise no man and deem nothing impossible ; every man hath 
his hour and everything its place. 

The world stands on three pillars : law, worship, and charity. 

The best preacher is the heart; the best teacher is time; the 
best book is the world ; the best friend is God. 



140 



THE ETHICAL CULTURE. 



PROFESSOR FELIX ADLER, 



Director of the Society for Ethical Culture, formerly professor 
of Heorew aucl Oriental literature, Cornell University, New 
York, writes : — 



1-T is related of the illustrious Jewish sage Hillel 
JiSp that he was approached oue day by a Gentile 
f fif who professed himself willing to become a con- 
4w vert to Judaism in case the celebrated teacher whom 
y he addressed would be kind enough to recite the sum 
and substance of Jewish law while he, the petitioner, was 
standing on one leg. And Hillel replied : " What is hate- 
ful to thee thou shalt not do unto thy neighbor ; this is 
the substance of the law, all the rest is commentary. Go 
and study." 

You ask me for a statement of the qualities which go 
to make up perfect manhood. I do not doubt that it would 
be possible to make out a list of such qualities. I should 
say, for instance, that intellectual and aesthetic culture are 
essential ; that purity and self-control, strict honesty and 
truthfulness, tender sympathy with others, and a sweet 
spirit of patience are essential. 

I should also speak of conjugal fidelity in the deepest 
sense of the word, and of a high ideal of friendship and of 
good citizenship and of devotion to the cause of human 
progress, and say that I regard all these as essential. Vir- 
tue cannot be split up, the whole of it lives in every part, 

141 



PROFESSOR FELIX ADLER. 

and the least of the virtues is as indispensable as those 
which are esteemed the greatest. 

But I should fear that an enumeration of this sort would 
be of little use. It should be noted that the incident re- 
lated above occurred before the days of newspapers, and 
that the point of the story is in the last words — " Gro and 
study." It would not be difficult, following the example 
of Hillel, to condense the substance of ethical law into a 
brief, pithy statement which the readers might read while 
they are standing on one leg, or, perhaps, while they were 
standing on two in a crowded car on their way to their 
places of business. But such a statement would only be 
of value if men were inclined to follow the injunction of 
the ancient sage to " go and study." That is, to spend 
time and thought in digging below the surface of the state- 
ment down to its deeper meanings. 




SUMMARY. 

Self Culture. 

Devotion to the 

Cause of Progress. 

Self-control. 
Strict Honesty. 

Good Citizenship. ^Esthetic Culture. 



Tender Sympathy with Others. 
Sweet Spirit of Patience. 
Conjugal Fidelity. 
High Ideal of Friendship. 
142 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Felix Adler was born in Alzey, Germany, August 13, 1851, and is the 
son of a Hebrew rabbi. He graduated at Columbia College in 1870, and 
studied at Berlin and at Heidelberg, obtaining the degree of Ph.D. After his 
return to America he was professor of Hebrew and Oriental Literature at 
Cornell University from 1874 to 1876, when he established a new religious 
society in New York, called the Society of Ethical Culture, to which he speaks 
every Sunday. His published book is "Creed and Deed," 1877.] 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WRITINGS. 

FIELD OF A NEW MORAL MOVEMENT. 

" Even in the abstract principle of ethics how little agreement is 
there, how little clearness. Here is one school of philosophy that 
declares sympathy is the root of morality, and that seeks to found 
the whole scheme of duties upon mere impulse. There is another 
school that tells us utility is everything:, and would have us believe 
that all morality is nothing better than a refined egotism. There 
is a third that takes for its fundamental principle the theory of 
evolution, and asserts that the development of life is the aim of 
man, and that all conduct is moral which looks to that end. And 
these philosophers, as a rule, argue in their closets concerning the 
general theory of ethics, without taking greatly into account, as 
they ought to do, the special problems of ethics presented by actual 
life ; without rising, as scientists do in every other department, 
from a detailed consideration of particular cases to a principle of 
explanation which shall cover those cases." 

" We need to give men a clearer understanding of applied ethics, 
a better insight into the specific duties of life, a finer and more 
comprehensive scheme of moral practice. There are many prob- 
lems that oppress the minds of the young as they enter manhood 
and womanhood for which they can find no solution in the exam- 

143 



PROFESSOR FELIX ADLER. 

pie of their parents. There are many grave questions for whose 
settlement the kindly but vague advice of fathers and mothers 
affords no adequate guidance. . . . Their moral judgment 
should be sharpened, their sensibility to the finer distinctions of 
right and wrong should be quickened, and a casuistical treatment 
of ethics such as the philosopher Kant has indicated should be at- 
tempted for their benefit. They should be taught the history of 
the great ethical religions. They should finally be led to construct 
for themselves, when they are of sufficient age, a philosophy of life 
based upon ethical considerations such as may serve for their guid- 
ance, their support, their solace in later years." 

Of Sunday School he says: "Do they not also learn the old 
scheme of dogmas which the modern mind is struggling to shake 
off, the old cruel notions of hell, the old pitiful motive of doing 
good for the sake of future reward or from the fear of future pun- 
ishment ? To me it seems the supreme duty which parents owe to 
their children is to help them to rise, if possible, higher in the scale 
of humanity than they themselves have risen. And the unpardon- 
able sin is the sin against the purity and freedom of a child's de- 
velopment/' 

We need also : "An ethical belief with regard to the world, a 
moral optimism, a belief that the universe is making for righteous- 
ness, that there is a good tendency in things. . . . It is not 
enough that we wrong no one and seek to help our fellow-mortals 
as much as is in our power. When we look abroad and see how 
cruel fate often is . . . then we need to rise in spirit above a 
present pain to a future good . . . above the present incom- 
pleteness to a future perfection." 

" The conviction that the world is moving toward great ends of 
progress will come swiftly ... to those who are themselves 
engaged in the work of progress." 

144 



XIV. 

THREE AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE. 

DR. WILLIAM A. HAMMOND, 

Washington, D. C, 
Surgeon- General, Physician, Neurologist. 

PROFESSOR E. D. COPE, 

Philadelphia, Pa., 

Professor in the University of Pennsylvania, Editor of the 
1 'A merican Naturalist. ' ' 

DR. S. V. CLEVENGER, 

Chicago, III., 

Physician, Anthropologist, Author, Professor of Anatomy in 
the Art Institute, Chicago. 



147 



ALL THINGS WEAK ARE BAD. 



A STRONG BRAIN. 



DR. WILLIAM A. HAMMOND, 




Ex-Surgeon General, U. S. A., eminent as a physician, psy- 
chologist, and novelist, writes : — 

pX my opinion, the essential element requisite for 
the development of the perfect man is the pos- 
session of a good brain. For this organ sup- 
plies, either directly or indirectly, the force by means 
of which he is kept in relation with the external 
world and in good health. Through its action not only is 
thought produced, but the heart, the lungs, the stomach, 
the kidneys, and the other organs of the body perform 
their several offices in the economy. 

If the brain is imperfect, it is very certain that its 
special work connected with mind, as well as the circula- 
tion, respiration, digestion, or some other function of the 
body, will not be thoroughly accomplished, and thus a 
factor of imperfectibility will exist. 

[Dr. Hammond in a conversation further said : 
It may be laid down as a rule that all things weak are 
bad.] 



SUMMARY. 
A Good Brain. 

Good Circulation. 

Good Respiration. 

Good Digestion. 

149 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[William Alexander Hammond was born in Annapolis, Maryland, Au- 
gust 28, 1828. He graduated at the medical department of the University of 
the City of New York, and entered the United States Army in 1849. He es- 
tablished the army medical museum by special order, and suggested the plan 
of the "Medical and Surgical History of the Rebellion." 

Dr. Hammond moved to New York in 1864, where he practiced his profes- 
sion. From 1867 to 1873 he was professor of diseases of the mind and nervous 
system in Bellevue hospital medical college, and then was elected to a similar 
chair in the medical department of the University of the City of New York. 
Besides contributing to current medical literature, he founded and edited the 
Maryland and Virginia Medical Journal, was one of the originators of the New 
York Medical Journal, and established the Quarterly Journal of Psychological 
Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence, becoming its editor. Among his medical 
works in book form are "Physiological Memoirs," 1863; "A Treatise on Hy- 
giene, with Special Eefereuce to the Military Service," 1863 ; "On Sleep and 
its Derangements," 1869; "Insanity and its Medico-Legal Relations," 1866; 
"Diseases of the Nervous System," 1871 ; "Insanity in its Relation to Crime," 
1873; and "Spiritualism and Allied Causes and Conditions of Nervous De- 
rangement," 1876. Dr. Hammond's novels include "Lai," 1884; "Mr. Oldnix- 
on," 1885; "A Strong-minded Woman, or Two Years After," 1886, and some 
others.] 

SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

The brain is the chief organ from which the force called the 
mind is evolved. 

The spinal cord and sympathetic system are capable of originat- 
ing certain kinds of mental influence which, when the brain is 
quiescent, may be wonderfully intensified. 

The Brain. Its substance is conserved by every thought, by 
every action of the will, by every sound that is heard, by every 
object that is touched, by every odor that is smelled, by every 
pleasurable or painful sensation, and so each instant of our lives 
witnesses the decay of some portion of its mass and the formation 
of new material to take its place. 

There is an inherent tendency in the mind of man to ascribe to 
supernatural agencies those events, the causes of which are beyond 
his knowledge. 

150 



STRONG EMOTIONAL AND RATIONAL FACUL- 
TIES. 

PASSIONS OF SYMPATHY IN EXCESS OF THOSE OF ANTAGONISM. 



PROFESSOR E. D. COPE, 



of the University of Pennsylvania, Editor of the American 
Naturalist, "writes : — 






HAT are the attributes of the perfect man ? First 
^ P ^ = 4^ physical : Height, 5 feet 10 inches ; weight, 160 
i ' t^P pounds ; temperament mixed, the nervous pre- 
J|Vf\ dominating. Muscles, extensors of the leg and 
\J flexors of the arm well developed. Shinbone with 
triangular section. Head with medium width ; profile of 
forehead and jaws nearly vertical, chin square, of medium 
size ; bridge of nose high, cheek-bones not large nor very 
small, upper molars tritubereular, hair abundant on head 
and face, nutritive functions vigorous ; reproductive facul- 
ties strong, but less vigorous than the productive. 

Second, mental : Emotional and rational classes of fac- 
ulties both strong, but the rational in command. Emo- 
tional action slow, but strong and tenacious, and rational 
action quick and tenacious ; hence tenacity of purpose and 
perseverance. Passions of sympathy in excess of passions 
of antagonism, hence charity and long-suffering. Capacity 
for righteous indignation and unwillingness to submit or 
see others submit to wrong without protest, therefore pos- 
sessing one of the first requisites of good citizenship in a 
republic. Other good qualities being understood, strong 

151 



PROFESSOR E. D. COPE. 

conjugal and paternal passions are important for the 
pleasures they give, for the discipline they afford, and as 
an effective stimulus to industry. 

Eationality strong, requiring reasons for opinions and 
conduct, and thus placing ends and methods of obtaining 
them before customs and traditions. This leads to discov- 
ery and progress, and is in opposition to that line of con- 
duct which " follows the direction of least resistance." The 
latter is metaphorically as well as materially " down hill." 
Special attributes, or a tendency to " hobbies," very desira- 
ble (men without hobbies are worthless). GJ-enius de- 
sirable, provided it be not present at the cost of sanity in 
other directions. Finally, as broad a view as possible of 
the interests of humanity, and willingness to conform one's 
course in life to the same. 



e.rf. 




152 



THE PERFECT MAN. 



SUMMARY. 



Vertical Profile. 
Nervous Temperament 
' Predominating. 
Rational Faculties 

Quick and Strong. 
Genius. 

Special Aptitudes. 
Broad Views. 



Well-developed Muscles. 
Tenacity of Purpose, 

Perseverance. 



Height, 5 feet 10 inches. 
Weight, 160 Pounds. 
Nutritive Functions 
Vigorous. 



Emotional Faculties 

Strong and Slow. 
Passions of Sympathy in Excess 

of those of antagonism. 
Strong Conjugal and 

Paternal Passions. 



153 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Edward Drinker Cope was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 28, 1840. 
He was educated at the Westtown academy and at the University of Penn- 
sylvania, and studied comparative anatomy in the Academy of Sciences of 
Philadelphia, in the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, and in Europe from 
1863 to 1864. He became professor of natural sciences in Haverford college 
in 1864, and later palaeontologist to the United States geological survey. In 
1872 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and in 
1884 was vice-president of the section on biology of the American associa- 
tion for the advancement of science. Among his published works are " Sys- 
tematic Arrangement of the Lacertilia and Ophidia," "Synopsis of the Ex- 
tinct Cetacea of the United States," "Cretaceous Yertebrata of the West," 
"Hypothesis of Evolution, Physical and Metaphysical," "Consciousness in 
Evolution," "The Origin of Will," "The Energy of Life Evolution and How 
it has Acted/' and "The Origin of the Fittest."] 



EXTRACTS FROM IJIS WORKS. 

HUMAN EVOLUTION. 

Professor Cope, in his essay on Human Physiognomy, sets down 
the qualities belonging to the man of the past. Some of these feat- 
ures are regarded as embryonic, others as quadrumanous. The 
man of the future will show fewer of these than the man of the 
past or present. These quadrumanous and embryonic characters 
are as follow : 

The arms were longer. The hair of the head short, the hair on 
the body more distributed. The nose was without a bridge, and 
the cartilages short and flat. The face was larger in comparison 
to the cranium. The forehead was less prominent, the brows and 
the edges of the jaws more so. The chin was retreating. 

According to Professor Cope, mental qualities and functions 
have developed in man in the following order : 

1. Hunger. Reproduction. Fear. 

2. Anger. Parental instinct. Sex. 

3. Power. Beauty. Wonder. 

Emotions developed first, Imagination second, Reason third. 

154 



PEOPLE BECOME BETTER THROUGH INTELLI- 
GENCE. 



DEVELOP THE COMPLEXITY OF THE NERVE STRANDS BY CULTIVATION OF 
SENSES AND MOVEMENTS. 




DR. S. V. CLEVENGER, 

of Chicago, author of "Physiology and Psychology/' "Artistic 
Anatomy," and many contributions to The American Natural- 
ist of a striking and original character, writes : — 

HE cardinal points to be insisted upon for the all- 
around development of the coming man would be 
§S the preservation of health, insistence upon one's 

rights and that every other person's rights should be 
respected, the cultivation of an ideal for life-work 
creditable to self and of benefit to the world, energetic and 
consistent living up to such ideal, and the ability to bear 
up under disappointments by having in mind Spencer's 
words, " We can accomplish little for reform, but we can 
take comfort in the knowledge that the little we do ac- 
complish will endure." 

In a general way, and when aberrant types are excluded, 
the increase of the facial angle of Camper in the evolution- 
ary scale has a value as an index to what nature does to 
increase intelligence. 

It is a very superficial physiognomical means of estima- 
tion, however, if associated matters are not properly con- 
sidered at the same time, for the skull, growth may not 
keep pace always with brain growth in individuals or 

155 



DR. S. V. CLEVENGER. 

races, and complexity of convolutions may result to fold 
into smaller space the same amount of brain surface that 
may also be found with fewer convolutions in a larger or 
.more roomy skull. 

It is the multiplicity and complexity of the nerve strands 
in the brain that causes intelligence, and these are de- 
veloped by proper exercise and education of the senses in 
relation to the finer muscular movements. The learning 
of something to do that will benefit the world as well as 
self, and deep thinking thereon, and endeavoring to under- 
stand the universe as far as possible, is best calculated to 
develop the brain most symmetrically, repress the evil and 
bring out all the good of which the highest type of man is 
capable, for goodness is but a high order of intelligence. 




SUMMARY. 

Increased Facial Angle. 
Multiplicity and Complexity 

of Brain Strands. 
Educate Senses in Connection 

with Fine Muscular Movements. 
Endeavor to 

Understand the Universe. 

Ability to Bear up 

under Disappointments. 
Preservation of Health. < 

Insistence on the Rights of Others. 
156 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Shobal Vail Clevenger was born in Florence, Italy, of American 
parents (his father was a sculptor of eminence), March 24, 1843. He was 
educated at the Jesuit college in New Orleans, and graduated from Chi- 
cago Medical College. He enlisted in the army, was surveyor, and built a 
telegraph line; began to study medicine in 1873, settled in Chicago in 1879, 
and became a specialist in nervous diseases ; was pathologist to the Chicago 
County Insane Asylum, and is consulting physician in his specialties to the 
Michael Reese Hospital and to the Alexian Brothers' Hospital ; and has held 
the professorship of anatomy in the Art Institute of Chicago. Dr. Clevenger 
is a member of many scientific organizations, and a frequent contributor to 
the scientific press. He has published a " Treatise on Government Survey- 
ing," 1874; "Comparative Physiology and Psychology," 1885; and "Lectures 
on Artistic Anatomy and the Sciences Useful to the Artist," 1887.] 

SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

OX THE COMING MAN. 

Altruism is the highest egoism, and is developed from it. 

The world's history shows that people became better only 
through intelligence ; that this made it possible for them to adopt 
higher expediency planes ; by regard for the rights of others, each 
found his own rights best conserved. 

So goodness is a form of wisdom, after all. Habit and con- 
science make it possible for us to do right for right's sake, but 
habit and conscience are the product of your environment and 
what you have inherited. 

So we are forced to regard the "perfect man" as one who is 
suited to his particular place and environment ; and as development 
is only possible to its fullest extent when environment, oppor- 
tunity, and ability are favorable, we will have to suppose a case to 
which the following applies : 

1. Excellent physical and mental heredity has barred out the 
chances of consumption, insanity, liquor addiction, criminality, 
decrepitude, or ugliness. 

157 



DR. S. V. CLEVENGER. 

2. As " every child has the right to be well born," so he has the 
right to good training, and our typical better man can only come 
from better folk with the right ideas of nurture. 

3. This entails having not too many in the family, for the lower 
the race the more prolific ; and highest culture is possible only, as 
a rule, where time can be devoted to the rearing and instruction 
of a few children. 

4. The parents should have the direct supervision of the child's 
care, for among the very wealthy and the very poor, neglect of chil- 
dren is too often the rule, and there is nothing in the world that 
can take the place of parental, especially motherly, love and care. 

5. Circumstances do not permit one to develop as he will, or 
should ; and as poverty produces thoughtfulness, thrift, and sym- 
pathy, and a better understanding of our neighbors' needs and 
characters, he who is fortunate enough to be born wealthy should 
be brought into closer contact with the " other half" of the world. 

6. As accomplishing something in the world is the only meas- 
ure of adaptability, the means for such accomplishment should be 
sought, but not at the sacrifice of conscience — whether acquired or 
ready made by ancestors. 

7. He should be a man of fair size, because every one is inclined 
to discredit the possibility of a small man doing big things. Meas- 
ure up your own list of heroes. Large-sized men are for this rea- 
son apt to be overestimated, just as titled individuals are who 
accomplish anything. Was it Huxley who said that Argyle was 
very smart — for a duke ? 

8. The proper regard for his individual interests will entail a 
genuine altruism which will make him not only a patriot (not of 
the demagogue kind) but a lover of liberty for the world. Kos- 
ciusco, Kossuth, Washington, Fayette, Garibaldi actively inter- 
ested themselves in universal freedom when their own countries 
could spare their attention. 

158 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

9. He could with great advantage be an American, for in 
America truth is left free to combat error ; and no tyranny can be 
enduring under such auspices. 

10. His education should be with regard to Herbert Spencer's 
idea that, first and foremost, that knowledge should be acquired 
which is of most practical worth to the individual, and that the 
ornamental should have last consideration. Overdoses of classical 
verbiage and minute details of the intrigues of courtiers would 
thus give place to physics and chemistry, which are of more 
account in this work-a-day world. 

11. The cultivation of self-control, in the recognition that man 
is his own worst enemy. 



159 



" EUGENICS." 

how to diprove the race. 
Opinions of Francis G. Galton, F.R.8. 

No man can achieve a very high reputation without being gifted 
with very great abilities ; . . . few who possess the very high 
abilities can fail of achieving eminence. 

Even if a man be long unconscious of his power, an opportunity 
is sure to occur . . . that will discover them. 

I look upon social and professional life as a continuous exami- 
nation. All are candidates for the good opinion of others. 

If it ("that high Athenian breed" of men) had maintained its 
excellence and had multiplied and spread over large countries, it 
would have accomplished results advantageous to human civiliza- 
tion to a degree that transcends our powers of imagination. 

My view is . . . that the human race were utter savages in the be- 
ginning ; and that after myriads of years of barbarism man has but 
very recently found his way into paths of morality and civilization. 

Our personalities are not so independent as our self -conscious- 
ness would lead us to believe. We may look upon each individual 
as something not wholly detached from its parent source — a wave 
. . . lifted up ... in an .. . illimitable ocean. 

There is decidedly a solidarity as well as a separateness in all 
human and probably in all lives whatever. 

Energy is capacity for labor. It is consistent with all the robust 
virtues and makes a large practice of them possible. It is the 
measure of fullness of life ; the more energy, the more abundance 
of it. Energy is an attribute of the higher races. 

We are goaded into activity by the conditions and struggles of 
life. They afford stimuli that oppress and worry the weakly, . . . 
but which the energetic man welcomes. . . . 

Sensitivity . . . would on the whole be highest among the 
intellectually ablest. A delicate power of sense-discrimination is 
an attribute of a higher race. 

160 



XV. 
MORAL TEUTHS FROM LIVING AUTHORITIES. 

SPENCER— BAIN— MARTINEAU. 



HERBERT SPENCER:— on education. 
For direct self-preservation, or the maintenance of life and 
health, the all-important knowledge is — Science. For that indi- 
rect self-preservation which we call gaining a livelihood, the knowl- 
edge of greatest value is — Science. For the due discharge of pa- 
rental functions, the proper guidance is to be found only in — 
Science. For that interpretation of national life, past and present, 
without which the citizen cannot rightly regulate his conduct, the 
indispensable key is — Science. Alike for the most perfect produc- 
tion and highest enjoyment of art in all its forms, the needful 
preparation is still — Science. And for purposes of discipline — in- 
tellectual, moral, religious — the most efficient study is, once more 
— Science. 

FROM "AN EPITOME OF THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY." 

The conduct to which we apply the name good is the relatively 
more evolved conduct j and bad is the name we apply to conduct 
which is relatively less evolved. 

Conduct called good rises to the conduct conceived as best when 
it simultaneously achieves the greatest totality of life in self, in 
offspring, and in fellow-men. 

Moral conduct is more definite than immoral : the conscientious 
man is exact in all his transactions. 

That which was physically defined as a moving equilibrium we 
define biologically as a balance of functions. The moral man is 
one whose functions are all discharged in degrees duly adjusted to 
the conditions of existence. 

For the better preservation of life, the primitive, simple, preserva- 

161 



HERBERT SPENCER. 

tive feelings must be controlled by the later-evolved, compound, 
and representative feelings. 

This conscious relinquishment of immediate and special good to 
gain distant and general good, while it is a cardinal trait of the 
self-restraint called moral, is also a cardinal trait of self-restraints 
other than those called moral. 

Emerging as the moral motive does but slowly from amidst the 
political, religious, and social motives, it long participates in that 
consciousness of subordination to some external agency which is 
joined with them. 

The pleasures and pains which the moral sentiments originate, 
will, like bodily pleasures and pains, become incentives and deter- 
rents so adjusted in their strengths to the needs, that the moral 
conduct will be the natural conduct. 

From the sociological point of view, ethics becomes nothing else 
than a definite account of the forms of conduct that are fitted to 
the associated state, in such wise that the lives of each and all may 
be the greatest possible, alike in length and in breadth. 

It is quite consistent to assert that happiness is the ultimate aim 
of action, and at the same time to deny that it can be reached by 
making it the immediate aim. 

Harmonious co-operation, by which alone in any society the 
greatest happiness can be attained, is, as we saw, made possible 
only by respect for one another's claims. 

Conduct in its highest form will take as guides innate percep- 
tions of right duly enlightened and made precise by analytic intel- 
ligence, while conscious that these guides are proximately supreme- 
solely because they lead to the ultimately supreme end, happiness 
special and general. 

When we have got rid of the tendency to think that certain 
modes of activity are necessarily pleasurable because they give us 
pleasure, and that other modes which do not please us are necessa- 

162 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

rily unpleasing, we shall see that the remoulding of human nature 
into fitness for the requirements of social life must eventually 
make all needful activities pleasurable, while it makes displeasura- 
ble all activities at variance with these requirements. 

The things now done with dislike from a sense of obligation 
will be done with immediate liking, and the things desisted from as 
a matter of duty will be desisted from because they are repugnant. 

That egoism precedes altruism in order of imperativeness is evi- 
dent. 

Such egoism as preserves a vivacious mind in a vigorous body 
furthers the happiness of descendants, whose inherited constitu- 
tions make the labors of life easy and its pleasures keen ; while, 
conversely, unhappiness is entailed on posterity by those who be- 
queath them constitutions injured by self-neglect. 

Again, the individual whose well-conserved life shows itself in 
overflowing spirits becomes, by his mere existence, a source of 
pleasure to all around ; while the depression which commonly ac- 
companies ill-health diffuses itself through family and among 
friends. 

Both directly and indirectly unselfishness pushed to excess 
generates selfishness. 

From the dawn of life, altruism has been no less essential than 
egoism. 

But the identification of personal advantage with the advantage 
of fellow-citizens is much wider than this. Whatever conduces 
to their vigor concerns him ; for it diminishes the cost of every- 
thing he buys. Whatever conduces to then- freedom from disease 
concerns him ; for it diminishes his own liability to disease. 
Whatever raises their intelligence concerns him ; for inconven- 
iences are daily entailed on him by others' ignorance or folly. 
Whatever raises their moral characters concerns him : for at every 
turn he suffers from the average unconscientiousness. 

163 



HERBERT SPENCER. 

By alienating those around, selfishness loses the unbought aid 
they can render ; shuts ont a wide range of social enjoyments ; 
and fails to receive those exaltations of pleasure and mitigations 
of pain which come from men's fellow-feeling with those they 
like. 

Thus pure egoism and pure altruism are both illegitimate. 

It is admitted that self -happiness is, in a measure, to be obtained 
by furthering the happiness of others. May it not be true that, 
conversely, general happiness is to be obtained by furthering self- 
happiness ? If the well-being of each unit is to be reached partly 
through his care for the well-being of the aggregate, is not the 
well-being of the aggregate to be reached partly through the care 
of each unit for himself ! Clearly, our conclusion must be that 
general happiness is to be achieved mainly through the adequate 
pursuit of their own happiness by individuals ; while, reciprocally, 
the happinesses of individuals are to be achieved in part by their 
pursuit of the general happiness — a conclusion embodied in the 
progressing ideas and usages of mankind. 

Gradually, and only gradually, as the various causes of unhap- 
piness become less can sympathy become greater. 

Unceasing social discipline will so mould human nature that 
eventually sympathetic pleasures will be spontaneously pursued to 
the fullest extent advantageous to each and all. 

What spheres, then, will eventually remain for altruism ? There 
are three. The first, which must to the last continue large in ex- 
tent, is that which family life affords. The other two being pur- 
suit of social welfare at large, and the opportunities afforded by 
accidents, diseases, and misfortunes. 

We find that justice, which formulates the range of conduct, and 
limitations to conduct hence arising, is at once the most important 
division of ethics, and the division which admits of the greatest 
definiteness. 

164 



ALEXANDER BAIN, LL.D. 

FROM "MIND AND BODY." 

Hence the mental tone depends no less upon the vigorous con- 
dition of the purifying organs — lungs, liver, intestines, kidneys, 
skin — than upon the presence of nutritive material obtained from 
the food. 

The last point that I will advert to is the obscure subject of nar- 
cotic stimulants — alcohol, tea, tobacco, opium, and the rest. These 
operate a very little way, if at all, in giving new vitality ; they 
draw upon our vitality, even till it is much below par, postponing 
the feeling of depression till another day. 

FROM "MENTAL AND MORAL SCIENCE." 

The appetites are a select class of sensations ; they may be de- 
fined as the uneasy feelings produced by the recurring wants or 
necessities of the organic system. 

The commonly recognized appetites grow out of the periodic or 
recurring wants of the organic system ; they are Sleep, Exercise, 
Repose, Thirst, Hunger, Sex. 

Sex. The organic necessity here is of a less imperious kind, and 
the motive power lies most in the delight of gratification. 

Human pursuit, as a whole, is divided, for important practical 
reasons, into two great departments. 

The first embraces the highest and most comprehensive regard 
to self, and is designated Prudence. 

The second department of pursuit comprises the regard to 
others, and is named Duty. 

Morality, in its essential parts, is " eternal and immutable ; " in 
other parts, it varies with custom. 

The ethical end that men are tending to, and may ultimately 
adopt without reservation, is human Welfare, Happiness, or Being 
and Well-being combined, that is, Utility. 

165 



ALEXANDER .BAIN, LL.D. 

Of the Ten Commandments, four pertain to religious worship, 
six are Utilitarian. 

Although Prudence and Sympathy, and the various emotions 
named, are powerful inducements to what is right in action, and 
although without these Right would not prevail among man- 
kind, yet they do not stamp the peculiar attribute of Rightness. 
For this, we must refer to the institution of Government, or Au- 
thority. 

PLEASURES AND PAINS. 

If the enumeration of Muscular Feelings, Sensations, and Emo- 
tions be complete, it contains all our pleasures and pains. It is 
unnecessary to repeat the list in detail. On the side of Pleasure, 
we have, as leading elements : Muscular Exercise, Rest after Ex- 
ercise ; Healthy Organic Sensibility in general, and Alimentary 
Sensations in particular ; Sweet Tastes and Odors ; Soft and 
"Warm Touches ; Melody and Harmony in Sound ; Cheerful Light 
and Colored Spectacle ; the Sexual Feelings ; Liberty after Con- 
straint; Novelty and Wonder; the Warm Tender Emotions; 
Sexual, Maternal, and Paternal Love, Friendship, Admiration, 
Esteem, and Sociability in general ; Self-complacency and Praise ; 
Power, Influence, Command ; Revenge ; the interest of Plot and 
Pursuit ; the charms of Knowledge and Intellectual Exertion ; the 
cycle of the Fine Arts, culminating in Music, Painting, and Poetry, 
with which we couple the enjoyment of Natural Beauty ; the satis- 
faction attainable through Sympathy and the Moral Sentiment. 
In such an array we seem to have all, or nearly all, the ultimate 
gratifications of human nature. They may spread themselves by 
association on allied objects, and especially on the means or in- 
strumentality for procuring them, as Health, Wealth, Knowledge, 
Power, Dignified Position, Virtue, Society, Country, Life. 

The Pains are mostly implied in the negation of the pleasures : 

166 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

Muscular Fatigue, Organic Derangements and Diseases, Cold, 
Hunger, ill Tastes and Odors; Skin Lacerations; Discords in 
Sound ; Darkness, Gloom, and excessive glare of Light ; ungrati- 
fied Sexual Appetite ; Restraint after Freedom ; Monotony ; Fear 
in all its manifestations ; privation in the Affections, Sorrow ; 
Self-humiliation and Shame; Impotence and Servitude; Disap- 
pointed Revenge ; Baulked Pursuit or Plot ; Intellectual Contra- 
dictions and Obscurity ; the xEsthetically Ugly ; Harrowed Sym- 
pathies ; an Evil Conscience. 

As summed up in groups or aggregates, we have the pains or 
evils of Ill-health. Poverty, Toil, Ignorance, Meanness and Impo- 
tence, Isolation, and general Obstruction, Death. 

Looking at human nature on the whole, we may single out as 
pleasures of the first order, Maternal Love, Sexual Love, Paternal 
Love, Friendship, Complacency and Approbation, Power and Lib- 
erty newly achieved. Relishes, Stimulants, Warmth after ch illness, 
and the higher delights of the ordinary senses. In the absence of 
any considerable pains, a small selection of these gratifications, reg- 
ularly supplied, would make up a joyful existence. 



FROM u EDUCATION AS A SCIENCE." 

The pleasures of Love, Affection, Mutual Regard, Sympathy, or 
Sociability, make up the foremost satisfaction of human life. 

A few words on the classification of the Virtues. The cardinal 
virtues, in the modern treatment, are Prudence, Probity or Jus- 
tice, and Benevolence. 

The obstacles to be overcome are, want of knowledge and pres- 
ent impulse. 

The aspects and departments of Prudence — as Industry, Thrift, 
Temperance — are all intelligible, and should be kept in view by the 
teacher in his scheme of the virtues. 

167 



JAMES MARTINEAU, D.D., LL.D. 

The virtue of Probity, or Justice, ranks first among our social 
duties or obligations. 

The virtue of Benevolence is something beyond justice. It is 
doing good irrespective of the social necessities that justice pro- 
ceeds upon. 

Self-sacrifice, devotedness, kindness, pity, compassion, doing 
good, beneficence, philanthropy, are among the numerous designa- 
tions for this portion of moral duty. 

The virtue of Truth is sometimes regarded as an independent 
virtue ; but, in reality, it is an adjunct of the others. It is a re- 
markably precise virtue ; it does not admit of gradations, in the 
same sense as the others ; it is a matter of yea or nay. 

The one point to be steadily kept in view is this. The social 
aptitudes, like everything else, must be exercised ; and the mode 
of exercising them is by directing and securing the attention upon 
the wants and the feelings of others. The most palpable form is 
Pity for manifest distress ; next is Sympathy with the pleasures 
of our fellow-beings; and, by plying these exercises, a habit of 
taking interest in those about us is likely to be fostered. 



JAMES MARTINEAU, D.D., LL.D. 

FROM "TYPES OF ETHICAL THEORY." 

The secret misgivings which I had always felt at either discard- 
ing or perverting the terms which constitute the vocabulary of 
character, — " responsibility," "guilt," "merit," "duty," — came to 
a head, and insisted upon speaking out and being heard. 

Two classes of facts it is indispensable for them to know : what 
are the springs of voluntary conduct, and what are its effects. 

In the solution of all ethical problems we have successive re- 
course to two distinct rules, the Canon of Principles and the Canon 

168 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

of Consequences ; the former suffices for the estimation of char- 
acter, but for the estimate of conduct must be supplemented by the 
latter. 

Ethics may be briefly defined as the doctrine of human character. 
They assume as their basis the fact that men are prone to criticise 
themselves and others, and cannot help admiring in various degrees 
some expressions of affection and will, and condemning others. 

As a spectator of men in a theatre of character, I speak of their 
Morals ; as an agent, uttering the corresponding consciousness 
secreted at my own centre, I speak of my Duty. 

In any case, the word duty expresses the sense we have of a debt 
which others have a right to demand from us, and which we are 
bound to pay. 

Prudence is self -surrender to the strongest impulse; Duty is> 
self- surrender to the highest. 

In the production of moral character, Aristotle thus recognizes 
two factors, instinctive impulse and rational election. Of these, the 
first supplies the power ; the second, the regulation. 

SPRINGS OF ACTION. 

[Following is a complete epitome of the elements of human character. — 

Ed.] 

Appetites. Food, Sex, Exercise. 

Passions. Antipathy, Fear, Anger. 

Affections. Parental, Social, Compassionate. 

Sentiments. Wonder, Admiration, Reverence. 

Secondary Sentiments. Self-Culture, ^Estheticism, Religion. 

The three secondary sentiments — i.e., intellectual, aesthetic, and 
religious ideas — may be classed together as a Love of Culture, a 
jealous care for the higher types of human thought and feeling. 

The supreme place is for "Reverence toward goodness" — this is 
the apex and crown of human character. 

169 



This is the characteristic feeling toward Morality : it visits what- 
ever is obeyed as Right between man and man. 

COMPLETE TABLE OF SPRINGS OF ACTION. 

(scale from lowest to highest.) 

1. Vindietiveness, Suspiciousness. 

2. Ease, Sensual Pleasures. 

3. Appetites. 

4. Spontaneous Activity. 

5. Love of Gain. 

6. Sentiment alism. 

7. Antipathy, Fear, Resentment. 

8. Power, Ambition, Liberty. 

9. Love of Culture. 

10. Wonder and Admiration. 

11. Parental and Social Affections, Generosity, Gratitude. 

12. Compassion. 

13. Reverence. 



170 



XVI. 

VIEWS OF AMERICAN BISHOPS. 

F. D. HUNTINGTON, 

Bishop of Central New York. 

G. F. SEYMOUR, S.T.D., LL.D., 
Bishop of Spri?igfield, III. 



171 




THE FULFILLMENT OF DESTINY. 

MAX'S THREE RELATIONS. 



The ancient Komans divided the inhabitants of the universe into three 
groups — brutes, men, and gods. As modified by Christianity, this scheme 
would read — nature, man, God. 



BISHOP HUNTINGTON 

appears to place his ideal upon this basis : — 

AN, being made, not having made himself, and 
being a complex piece of workmanship, must 
find the end of his creation in the purpose of 
his Maker. His relations are threefold — viz., to 
what is above him, what is in and about him, and 
what is below him — i.e., to God, to humanity, and to sub- 
human and material things. The fulfillment of his destiny 
is the satisfaction of these relations in accordance with 
the demands of wisdom or the knowledge of what ought 
to 'be known. Goodness, or the self-subordinating service 
of love ; Justice, or active obedience to the rule of right, 
and Beauty, or conformity to the laws. of truth, fitness, 
and harmony. 

Jz x%- fr&t* /£&!, *&£Z 

SUM MARY. 

Wisdom. 

Truth. 
The Right. 

Love. 

173 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Frederick Dan Huntixgton was born in Hadley, Mass., May 28, 1819. 
Graduated at Amherst 1839, from Harvard divinity school in 1842; was 
ordained pastor of the South Congregational Church in Boston ; in 1855 became 
preacher to Harvard, and Plummer professor of morals in that university, 
which post he held until 1860 ; was also chaplain and preacher to the Massa- 
chusetts Legislature. He left the L'nitarian Church and took orders in the 
Protestant Episcopal Church in 1860. He was consecrated bishop of Central 
New York, April 8, 1869. Among his publications are. "Sermons for the 
People," 1836 ; " Sermons on Christian Living and Believing, 1860 ; "Lectures 
on Human Society as Illustrating the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God," 
1860 j and "Steps to a Living Faith," 1873. J 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WRITINGS, 

We shall deal effectually with our moral life very much in pro- 
portion as we understand its laws. Like the body, the spirit has 
its laws of growth, health, welfare, and restoration from disease. 
They are less plain and more complicated ; they are not reached 
by the senses ; but we come to know the inward man as we know 
the outward, by observation, by attention, by study. We can shirk 
spiritual discipline ; but we cannot, if we shirk it, be wise, safe, or 
strong. 

We find also that occupation with good is the best overcoming 
of evil. The way to keep the lower life out is to bring the higher 
life in. 

Behind every wrong act, every neglected duty, — the hasty word, 
the impatient gesture, the equivocating answer, the jealous cruelty, 
the reckless calumny, is yourself. Each came out of your whole 
character. 

What we see and hear, touch, work in, eat and wear, lay up and 
display, is so conspicuous and ever-present that we make it a 
measure even of what is infinitely greater than all of it — ourselves. 

174 



THE CHRISTIAN STANDPOINT. 



CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION PLUS REVELATION. 



THE REV. G. F. SEYMOUR, 




an eminent bishop in the Episcopal Church, writes ns from 
Springfield, 111. :— 



LAS SIC AL civilization without Christ or direct 
revelation reached the conclusion that the per- 
fection of manhood was secured when there was 
a sound mind in a sound body, "tana mens In sano cor- 
■jpore? This is true as far as it goes, but it does not go 
half way. If education stops with the mind and produces 
through the agency of hygienic and gymnastic training 
for the body, and intellectual culture for the mental facul- 
ties, the desired result, " a sound mind in a sound body/' 
the individual thus developed may be, and probably will 
be, more potent for evil than if he had remained in igno- 
rance and were physically a wreck. 

A satanic intellect acting and operating through a 
splendid physique is a power for evil in society which 
cannot be measured. It fascinates, and captures, and de- 
stroys by the charm of its presence, the subtlety of its 
reasoning, and the honeyed sweetness of its words. The 
drunken boor disgusts, the cunning thief excites contempt, 
the desperado appals, but the man who rises up in the 
grandeur of a body without blemish, and a mind well 
trained and furnished with learning, without principle, ap- 
proaches Satan in the havoc which he works, since he first 

175 



BISHOP SEYMOUR. 

casts a spell upon all whom lie can reach, and then ruins 
them when they are in his power. 

The perfection of manhood is only reached when there 
are a sound body, mind, and spirit, sustained and enlight- 
ened by the Holy Ghost. He alone can strengthen man 
for duty, fortify him against temptation, and develop all 
his powers and bring them to perfection. Back, therefore, 
of the school, the gymnasium, the curriculum of arts, the 
culture of universities, must be the Church of the Living 
God, the treasure-house of grace, whose good gifts make 
the man " a member of Christ, the child of God, and an 
inheritor of the kingdom of heaven," bring him into sacra- 
mental union with his Saviour, the man now seated in the 
perfection of our nature, in our humanity glorified, as He 
showed Himself on the Mount of Transfiguration in the 
presence of the representatives of all mankind, Moses, and 
Elijah, and Peter, James and John, now seated, I say, in 
the perfection of our nature on the throne of God in 
heaven. American youth and old age as well need first 
and before all things Christ to dwell in their hearts by 
faith, to make them humble, reverent, honorable, true, and 
pure. The foundation is laid in making each man recog- 
nize and feel his individuality, and his consequent personal 
responsibility and duty. And then the system of the 
Church from the beginning brings him to God, that he 
may believe in Him and learn from Him his duty, and re- 
ceive grace to enable him to do that duty, and so reach 
perfection ultimately, when his pole-star, his magnet, 
Christ, has drawn him up to be with Him forever in 
heaven.' This view does not in any way undervalue human 

176 



BISHOP SEYMOUR. 



agencies and instrumentalities. The Church must be first, 
and all human development and acquisition must be built 
upon what she gives, spiritual forces to uphold the fabric 
and crown it in the end with perfection. 




^^^^^ 



SUMMARY. 

The Holy Ghost. 
The Spirit. 
The Mind. 
The Body. 



177 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

What man would be wise, let him drink of the river 
That bears on its waters the record of Time ; 

A message to him every wave can deliver, 

To teach him to creep till he knows how to climb. 

John Boyle O'Reilly. 

So nigh is grandeur to our dust, 

So near is God to man, 

When duty whispers low, " Thou must," 

The youth replies, " I can ! " 

R. W. Emerson. 

Do not delay : 
Do not delay ; the golden moments fly ! 

H. 17. Longfellow. 

Once read thy own breast right, 

And thou hast done with fears j 

Man gets no other light, 

Search he a thousand years. 

Matthew Arnold. 

Duty — that's to say complying 
With whate'er 's expected here ; 

Duty 'tis to take on trust 

What things are good and right and just. 

A. U. Clough. 

Oh ! whatever the fortune a man may have won, 

A kindness depends on the way it is done ; 

And though poor be our purse, and though narrow our span, 

Let us all try to do a good turn when we can. 

Charles Swain. 
178 



XVII. 
THE YOUNGER EVOLUTIONISTS. 

GRANT ALLEN, 

London, England, 

Author, Philosopher, Scientist, Novelist, formerly Professor of Logic in 
the College of Spanish-town, Jamaica. 

HAVELOCK ELLIS, 

London, England, 
Author, Editor. 



179 



A WELL-BALANCED BODY. 



AN EVOLUTIONIST'S IDEAL. 



MR. GRANT ALLEN 

writes : — 

^^HE one condition essential to the proper development 
*^|p; of a human being is a sound, equally balanced, beau- 
tiful body, perfect alike in structure and function. For 
this sums up in itself all possible good qualities. 

It implies health, strength, enjoyment, morality. 

It implies an active, well-developed, judiciously stored 
brain. 

It implies correct relations with one's fellow-creatures. 

It implies a love of work, of right, of nature, of art, of 
letters, of pastime, of general well-being. 

It implies freedom from superstitious phantasms or re- 
ligious fears. 

It implies a wholesome and vigorous sexuality, with 
normal activity of the correlated paternal and maternal 
feelings. 

It implies a good digestion, a good heart, pure social in- 
stincts, and abundant sympathies. 

Whoever is lucky enough to be born with all these can- 
not be far from the kingdom of heaven. 

Whoever has missed them may make up to some extent 
for the initial loss by exercise, fresh air, a university edu- 
cation, foreign travel, a simple diet, deliberate attention to 
pictures, books, plants, animals, and scenery, the society 

181 



GRANT ALLEN. 

of the best and most wholesome men and women, and a 
careful avoidance of everything that is coarse, low, ugly, 
unhealthy, over-stimulating, retrograde; sensuous, san- 
guinary, disgusting; superstitious, false, provincial, or 
Philistine. But it is best, like Paul, to be " born free ; " 
artificial emancipation, as of the Virginia negro, is at best 
but a poor and unsatisfactory substitute for a natural 
birthright. 



SUMMARY. 



Well-developed, Active, 

Judiciously Stored Brain. 
Love of Nature. 
Love of Art. 

Freedom from Superstition. 
Love of Letters. 



Health. 

Love of Right. 

Love of Work. 

Good Digestion. 

Morality. 

A Simple Diet. 



Strength. 
Exercise. 
Love of Pastime. 



A Good Heart. 
Pure Social Instinct. 
Abundant Sympathies. 
Active Paternal and 

Maternal Feelings. 
Right Relations with 

Fellow-creatures. 
Love of General 

Well-being. 



182 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Grant Allen was born in Kingston, Canada, February 24, 1848. He 
graduated at Oxford, England, in 1871, and in 1873 was appointed professor 
of logic and philosophy in Queen's College, Spanish-town, Jamaica, and from 
1874 to 1877 was its principal. Some of his published works are "Physio- 
logical ^Esthetics," in 1877, "Anglo-Saxon Britain," "Strange Stories," 
"Charles Darwin," and four novels, "Philistia," "For Mamie's Sake," 
"Babylon," and "In All Shades." He has written under the names of Cecil 
Power and James Arbuthnot Wilson.] 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS, 



BEAUTY. 



Beauty is one of the very best guides we can possibly have, as 
far as race-preservation is concerned, of any man or woman as a 
partner in marriage. Good teeth mean good deglutition, a clear 
eye means an active liver, scrubbiness and undersizedness mean 
feeble virility. Nor are indications of mental and moral efficiency 
by any means wanting as recognized elements in personal beauty. 
A good-humored face is in itself almost pretty. A pleasant smile 
redeems unattractive features. . . . 

What we fall in love with, then, as a race, is in most cases effi- 
ciency and ability. 

Our love for human beauty is in a last resort a love for all that 
is healthy, noble, and admirable in the human mind and in the 
human body. 

THE PRIDE OF IGNORANCE. 

People are almost always in their heart of hearts proud of them- 
selves from top to bottom. They are proud of their very weak- 
nesses and failings. The ugly man is proud that he is not one of 
those conceited jackanapes that strut about the streets. . . . 
The miser is proud that he is not a wretched fool of a spendthrift, 

183 



GRANT ALLEN. 

the spendthrift is proud that he is not a horrid old curmudgeon 
of a miser. The drunkard prides himself on not being a nasty 
straight-laced teetotaller ; the libertine prides himself on not be- 
ing one of those ugly, sour-faced, oily hypocrites who look as if 
they had swallowed a poker in their youth and never digested it. 
So it is probable the ignorant man prides himself on not being a 
dry stick of a pedant — on knowing the world of men and things, 
not mere dull and empty, useless book-knowledge. 

GENIUS. 

The genius only differs from the man of ability as the man of 
ability differs from the intelligent man, and the intelligent man 
from the worthy person of sound common sense. The sliding 
scale of brains has infinite gradations, and the gradations merge 
insensibly into one another. 

The genius is nothing more in the last resort than a man en- 
dowed with an extraordinary capacity for taking pains. 

Michael Angelo, Leonardo, Macaulay, John Stuart Mill, and 
George Eliot are cited. Darwin was the most striking example 
that ever lived of genius considered as an infinite capacity for 
taking trouble. 

Each one of us can come much nearer to being a genius by our 
own deliberate exertions than we perhaps ever before suspected. 
Instead of those exceptional persons being divided from common 
humanity, as many good souls imagine, by an impassable barrier, 
there is really no possibility of drawing a line between the dull 
people, the sensible people, the intelligent people, the clever people, 
the people of talent, and the regular geniuses. From top to bot- 
tom the scale of ability goes on gradually by infinitesimal grada- 
tions, and there is nothing in the last resort to mark the very 
greatest men and women from those just beneath them in the in- 
tellectual scale, except, perhaps, a rather greater amount of pains- 

184 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

taking attention. Granting this — and all example shows it to be 
true — it is qnite possible for every one of ns to raise ourselves 
several grades higher in the scale by the simple process of taking 
more trouble with everything we do. 

ATTAINABLE IDEALS. 

To make the great thoughts of poet and philosopher, of essayist 
and thinker, of scholar and orator, familiar to every English and 
American lad and maiden, to bring home art to the firesides of 
the million, to diffuse the wonderful discoveries of science among 
the widest possible appreciative audiences, to stimulate all the 
higher tastes for music and reading and country scenery and the 
study of nature and the delights of all aesthetic sense — this is a 
true means of making thousands of lives more really successful 
— that is to say, happier, fuller, and worthier of a reasonable 
creature's living — than they are in the present condition of so- 
ciety. The man who secures a moderate competence, according- 
to the ideas of the rank in which he was brought up, and who 
passes his 'leisure time in constant spiritual intercourse with 
Shakespeare and Milton, with Locke and Emerson, with Reynolds 
and Gainsborough, with Beethoven and Mendelssohn, with cloud 
and sunset, with bee and butterfly, with fern and flower, and with 
the deep response of human sympathy, has surely succeeded in 
life immeasurably more truly than if he had spent his entire time 
poring over the delightful details of his ledger and day-book, and 
had died leaving a personalty valued for probate at not less than 
one hundred thousand pounds sterling. 



185 



WORLD ENOUGH AND TIME. 



THE QUESTION OF QUESTIONS. 



MR. HAVELOCK ELLIS, 

of London, editor of the "Mermaid Series of the Old Drama- 
tists," the "Contemporary Science Series," and author of 
"The New Spirit," writes :— 

i OUR inquiry is indeed the question of questions. 
ijjiiiiiik 

ifflhj Alas ! my opportunities for the scientific investi- 
gation of the perfect man have been limited — 
extremely limited. I could not possibly write two 
hundred words about him. I should say that nothing 
is more essential to the perfect man (or the perfect woman 
either, for the matter of that) than a sound mind in a 
sound body. Then give him " world enough and time " to 
expand in. Last, but not least, be sure to recognize him 
when you have got him. 

Yours faithfully, 





SUMMARY. 

Sound Mind. 

Sound Body. 

180 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS, 



THE NEW SPIRIT. 



Quoting' Heraclitus, the author says : " Wisdom is to speak 
truth and consciously to act according to nature." Three in- 
fluences are at the present time discernible : the influence of 
science, the influence of woman in practical affairs, and the ten- 
dency toward democracy. Education, as we understand it now, 
must be founded on the harmonious exercise of body, senses, and 
emotions, as well as intellect ; the whole environment is the agent 
of education. That is why we are now extending the meaning of 
the word indefinitely. Fresh ah*, good food, manual training, the 
cultivation of the art instincts, physical exercise and abundant 
recreation, wholesome home relationships — these are a few of the 
things which we now recognize as essential parts of the rational 
education of every boy, and which we are seeking to obtain for 
all. Nor is education in this sense incompatible with intellectual 
development ; on the contrary, it is the only sound foundation for 
such development. . . . We seem, indeed, to be rapidly ap- 
proaching a period in which the excessive intension of knowledge, 
its confinement to a few persons, will give way to a marked ex- 
tension of knowledge. Such a process is in the lines of our 
democratic advance. It is for the advantage of the men of 
science who have paid for the seclusion of extreme specialism by 
incapacity to understand popular movements and popular needs, 
it is for the advantage of all. that there should be no impassable 
gulf between those who know and those who are ignorant. It is 
w T ell to sacrifice much, if we may thereby help to diffuse the best 
things that are known and thought in the world, and make the 
scientific attitude even more than scientific results a common pos- 
session. 

While a process of socialization is rapidly developing, individ- 
ual development, so far from stopping, is progressing not less 

187 



HAVELOCK ELLIS. 

rapidly. It is too often forgotten that the former is but the 
means to secure the latter. While we are socializing all those 
things of which all have equal common need, we are more and 
more tending to leave to the individual the control of those things 
which in our complex civilization constitute individuality. We 
socialize what we call our physical life in order that we may at- 
tain greater freedom for what we call our spiritual life. 

ART AND RELIGION. 

It is by art and religion that men have always sought rest. 
Art is a world of man's own making in which he finds harmonious 
development, a development that satisfies because framed to the 
measuring-rod of his most delicate senses. Religion is the ano- 
dyne cup — indeed, of our own blood, at which we slake our thirst 
when our hearts are torn by personal misery or weary and dis- 
tracted by life's heat and restless hurry. . . . The old mystic 
spoke truly when he defined God as an unutterable sigh. Now 
and again we must draw a deep breath of relief — and that is re- 
ligion. That no intellectual belief or opinion is necessarily bound 
up with religion, it is nowadays unnecessary to show. 

Art is nothing less than the world as we ourselves make it, the 
world remoulded nearer to the heart's desire. The art instinct 
makes labor joyous ; joy is the prime tonic of life. 

The authors in whom Havelock Ellis finds the source of the 
new spirit are Diderot, Heine, Ibsen, Walt Whitman, and Tolstoi. 



188 



XVIII. 

ADVANCED IDEAS FROM 
BOSTON AND BROOKLYN. 

THE REV. O. B. FROTHINGHAM, 

Boston, Mass. 

THE REV. MINOT J. SAVAGE, 

Boston, Mass. 

THE REV. JOHN W. CHADWICK, 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 



189 



THROUGH NATURAL LAWS. 



RISE FROM THE KNOWN TO THE UNKNOWN. 




THE REV. O. B. FROTHINGHAM 

writes : — 

ERTAIN theologians assume the usual beliefs of 
the Church of England and seek to reconcile them 
with the principles of modern science. The pres- 
ent tendency is just the other way. We assume 
the validity of natural law and thence feel our way up- 
ward toward higher principles. In accordance with this 
tendency we must start with the physical organization. 
The perfect youth of to-day takes his body for granted, 
and aims first of all at a full animal development. 

Health, therefore, is the prime requisite, and by " health" 
I do not mean the strength that comes by the practice of 
athletics, for this may be a source of weakness, educating 
some powers at the expense of others. 

But by " health " I mean the perfect circulation of the 
blood, and the even balance of the muscular and nervous 
systems ; such a condition as is enjoyed by one who has 
plenty of air and light, good digestion, quiet sleep, and 
does not drain off his native force by excess of any kind, 
either of drink, or tobacco, or strong tea or coffee, but who 
relies on the original constitution for all the strength re- 
quired by the exigencies of common life. 

Without health there is no just sense of beauty, no sound 
intelligence, no wholesome feeling, no reasonable virtue. 

191 



REV. O. B. FROTHINGHAM. 



Mere health, of course, does not bring all these good 
things, but it does lay the foundation for them. The 
healthy man must remember that he is a man, not a brute 
beast living for pleasure ; that his aim must be knowledge 
— the knowledge of real things, of actual relations with 
men and women. All finest things may be added to this 
knowledge— justice, love, service, adoration — but this must 
come first, afterwards those graces which are the crown 
of our humanity. 

Sincerely yours, 




SUMMARY. 



Knowledge. 
Adoration. 

Health. 



Ambition. 

Physical Development. 

Love. 

Justice. 

Service. 



192 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Octavius Brooks Frothixgham was born in Boston, November 26, 1822. 
Graduated at Harvard in 1843, and after studying in the divinity school was 
ordained pastor of the North Church (Unitarian) at Salem in 1847. He 
preached in Jersey City, N. J., and afterwards in New York, where he became 
pastor of a church that in I860 was organized as the " Third Unitarian Con- 
gregational Church," and represented the most radical branch of his denomi- 
nation. He dissolved this society in 1879 and went to Europe, and on his return 
in 1881 he formally withdrew from specific connection with any church, and 
since then has devoted himself to literature. % In 1867 he became first presi- 
dent of the Free Religious Association, and was for a time art critic of the 
New York Tribune. He has published " Stories from the Lips of the 
Teacher," 1S63 ; " The Religion of Humanity,'' 1873 ; " Transcendentalism in 
New England," 1876; "The Cradle of the Christ," 1877; "Life of Gerrit 
Smith," 1878; "Life of George Ripley," 1882; and "Memoir of William 
Henry Channing," 1886.] 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 



THE HIGHER SENTD1ENTS. 



The sentiment of honor it is which makes the common man 
a gentleman. It gives the gentleman his quality of gentleness. 
It takes the ordinary coarse stuff that human nature is made of 
and transfigures it till it becomes a fine ideal essence. It makes 
a man ready to pledge his life rather than compromise the fair 
purity of his character. 

There is not one of us who may not become transformed and 
illuminated by an idea, a thought, a vision, a sentiment. Learn 
to love a noble person ; learn to admire a heroic deed ; fall under 
the influence of some man or woman who is the incarnation to 
your imagination of dignity, grace, serenity, and purity. No 
matter whether the qualities are there or not, if you think they 
are there, they are there for you. Cling to what you think is 
there. Worship your ideal, though it be nothing but an idol. If 
you give it attributes such as you admire, then you admire the 

193 



REV. O. B. FROTHINGHAM. 

attributes. Continue to admire the attributes. Whether the idol 
is cast down or not, whether your form passes away or not, cling 
to your idea ; worship your dream ; follow your vision, and grad- 
ually you will find that your interior qualities are undergoing 
change ; your life is becoming ennobled, your purposes are be- 
coming firm and serene, and you yourself are gradually floating 
up to higher regions of being. 

THE GOSPEL OF CHARACTER. 

The gospel of character is the one universal gospel, proclaimed 
everywhere in all ages ; always in the same spirit, always with 
essentially the same substance, frequently in the same language. 

The first truth of this gospel is that character is the Alpha and 
the Omega, the first and the last word, the beginning and the end. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

I divide men into three classes : males, men, and gentlemen. By 
the same rule there are females, women, and ladies. 



194 



THE HEART THAT LOVES ALL LOVELY 
THINGS. 



A POEM IN PROSE. 



THE REV. M. J. SAVAGE 

sends the following gem : — 

fHE perfect man will be : 
1. A perfect animal. 

2. A trained, clear-seeing, unbiassed intellect, whose 
one thirst is for truth. 

3. A taste that sees and appreciates all beauty. 

4. A heart that loves all lovely things. 

5. A sympathetic beneficence that would have all men 
lifted to the highest. 

6. A soul or spirit that recognizes kinship with the Eter- 
nal Spirit and ever aspires toward a fuller spiritual life. 

These all blended in one being, not that he has these 
things, but is these. 

Truly, 



/^(u/^a^^f^ 



SUMMARY. 

Truth. 

Soul. Animal Strength. 

Taste. 
Heart. 

Animal Health. Sympathy. 

Beneficence. 

195 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Minot Judson Savage was born in Norridgewock, Maine, June 10, 1841. 
Was educated at Bowdoin College, graduated from Bangor Theological Semi- 
nary in 1864, and became a Congregational missionary in California. Has 
been pastor of churches in Massachusetts and Missouri ; in 1873 had charge 
of a Unitarian church in Chicago, and since 1874 has been pastor of the 
"Church of the Ninety" in Boston. He has published " Christianity, the 
Science of Manhood," 1873; "The Religion of Evolution," 1876; "Life 
Questions," 1879; "The Morals of Evolution," 1880, and many other works.] 



EXTRACTS FROM rjIS WORKS. 

CHEISTIANITY THE SCIENCE OF MANHOOD. 

These important factors of manhood must present harmony of 
combination. When either one has a disproportionate growth or 
a disproportionate control, the harmony of manhood is gone. 
. . . It is a lack of equilibrium. The past failures of the 
world are found just here. 

When the body assumes supremacy, then results the sensualist 
type. This is the grossest form of error. 

The intellect also may rule to the destruction of true manhood. 
He is worth very little who is not intellectual ; but ... if 
intellect deposes or dwarfs the affectional nature, it makes a man 
of a hard and unattractive type. 

Those characters in which the affections predominate over the 
other factors produce a manhood not degraded like sensualism, 
not hard or arrogant like intellectualism — it is rather partial 
and weak, doing injustice through inability to hold by the right 
against the current of impulses and inclinations. 

The type of man that is formed by the enthusiastic exaltation 
of the religious faculty, to the prejudice and disregard of the other 
factors of manhood, is in some respects worse than any of the 
others. Wielding the most awful motives, . . . despising 

196 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

and degrading the physical, it cuts loose from the anchorage of 
facts. ... It makes the Pharisee, the bigot, the fanatic. 

" Man should be a pyramid, having his body for the base, his 
religious faculty for the apex, with heart and brain between/' 
quotes Coleridge in " Morals of Evolution." (Obeying laws and 
knowledge is morality.) 

" What wouldst thou have a good, great man obtain ? 
Health, title, dignity, a golden chain, 
Or heap of corses which his sword hath slain ? 
Goodness and greatness are not means, but ends ! 
Hath he not always treasures, always friends. 
The good, great man? Three treasures, — love and light 
And calm thoughts, equable as infants' breath, 
And three fast friends more sure than day or night, — 
Himself, his Maker, and the angel Death." 



197 



CHERISH GENEROUS IDEAS. 



PERFECTION A RECEDING GOAL. 




THE REV. JOHN W. CHADWICK 

writes : — 

jj£ SHOULD say, first to be well born — i.e., of good 
physical and intellectual and moral stock. 

Second, to be well reared — i.e., without too much 

indulgence or restraint in habits of obedience and 

temperance and kindliness. 

Third, health, with as little thought of it as possible, but 

with some toughening and habits of exercise, walking and 

swimming, and remembering that " there is nothing so 

good for the inside of a man as the outside of a horse." 

Fourth, a good education, of which any college or other 
youthful training is only the beginning ; it requires a life- 
long habit of reading good books of many kinds — literary, 
scientific, poetry, novels, history, biography. 

Fifth, moral training — first, that of parents and teachers, 
then taking one's self in hand — the means of this the com- 
panionship of pure-minded, wholesome friends ; the reading 
of the lives of men of truth and courage and public spirit 
and fidelity to personal conviction ; thinking for one's self 
instead of accepting the Church or party shibboleth, and 
having the courage of one's opinions. 

Sixth, a good heart — i.e., loyalty to the affections of 
home and friendship, and a helping hand for those who are 
stumbling or falling in the way. 

198 



REV. JOHN W. CHADWICK. 

Seventh, the cultivation of the religious nature; the 
avoidance in religion of conventionality and superstition ; 
the widening of our religious sympathies through ac- 
quaintance with the thought and noble personality of 
many different sects, and the curing of our Christian nar- 
rowness and conceit by the comparison of Christianity 
with other great religions ; the discouragement in ourselves 
of the habit of adopting things because they are new any 
more than because they are old, or for any reason except 
that they are true and good. 

With due regard to all these things, a man will still 
come far short of perfection, which is a receding goal. 
But it is something to cherish generous ideas. As Brown- 
ing sings : 

"'Tis not what man does that exalts him, 
But what man will do." 



Jffl^ }/rC^cLAc/C 



SUMMARY. 



Intellect. 
Education. 
Reading. 
Religion. 

Health. 
Temperance. 
Moral Training. 



Obedience. 
Exercise. 

A Good Heart. 
Kindliness. 



199 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[John White Chad wick was bom in Marblekead, Mass., October 19, 
1840. He graduated from Harvard divinity school in 1864, and the same year- 
became pastor of the Second Unitarian Society in Brooklyn. He has pub- 
lished "Life of N. A. Staples," " A Book of Poems," " The Bible of To-day," 
"The Faith of Reason," "Some Aspects of Religion," "The Man Jesus," 
" Belief and Life," "Origin and Destiny," "In Nazareth Town: A Christmas 
Fantasy," and "A Daring Faith."] 



EXTRACTS FROM UNIT^RI^N WORKS. 

THE MAKING OF SOULS. 

In one of his New Year sermons Dr. Chadwick quotes George 
Eliot saying, " With a new person yon can begin many things, 
even to being a better man." It is well to begin that with the 
New Year also. 

Of the myriads of people who have been born since the earth 
began to bear mankind (some thousand or two centuries ago, it 
may be), how many have become souls, — creatures governed by 
reason, by tender love, by high moral purpose ? How many have 
differed essentially in modes of living, in their observation of the 
world they lived in, in the regulation of their passions toward 
other beings, from dogs, jackals, or wolves? The majority of 
persons whom, with due reverence for the word, we may call 
souls, — thoughtful, helpful, self-controlled, of generous aim, — 
are not born, but made by the life in which they dwell. 

The object of your and my living is that we may turn out the 
most many-sided and complete souls attainable by our constitu- 
tion. 

The finest types of souls are composed of varied qualities which 
balance and complement one another ; they must be brave and 
tender ; they must be confident and modest ; they can be stern 
and inexorable toward wrong, yet pitiful toward the weak. 

200 



XIX. 

IMPROVE OPPORTUNITIES. 

THOMAS K. BEECHER, 

Elmira, New York, 
Congregational Clergy ma?i and Author. 



201 



INFINITE VARIETY. 

WHEN SHALL WE BE FULL GROWN? 



THE REV. THOMAS K. BEECHER 

writes : — 

JlElflfF MORE than suspect that " perfect," when spoken 
|f of man, should mean full grown — "the stature 
of a perfect man," i.e., a grown-up man. And it 
doth not yet appear what we shall be. 

Probably, too, there is to be infinite variety — no 
two alike — but all " perfect," i.e., each one filling out his 
pattern, his opportunity, and his social place in the king- 
dom of God that shall one day appear. 




'7Aj^.$U^cA^r; 



SUMMARY. 
Full Growth. 

Pattern Followed. 

Opportunity Improved. 

Social Place Filled. 



203 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Thomas Kinnicut Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, Febru- 
ary 10, 1824. He graduated from Illinois College in 1843 ; removed to Will- 
iamsburg, N. Y., in 1852, and became pastor of the New England Congrega- 
tional Church, and in 1854 he went to Elmira, N. Y., to take charge of the 
Park Church. Mr. Beecher has published "Our Seven Churches," a series of 
lectures.] 



BEECHER MAXIMS. 

(H. B. Stowe, T. K. Beecher, H. W. Beecher.) 

It is better to try and fail . . . than never to try at all. 

Do not our failures and mistakes often come from discourage- 
ment ? 

The saddest hours of life are when we doubt ourselves. 

People who hate trouble generally get a good deal of it. 

What's called common sense is largely a matter of good diet 
and digestion. 

A man must be a good animal before he can be a good man. 

To comfort human sorrow, to heal and help the desolate and 
afflicted, irrespective either of their moral worth or of any personal 
reward, is certainly a noble and praiseworthy object. 

Many people seem to feel that the only way of return for those 
who have wandered from the paths of virtue is the most immediate 
and utter self-abasement. 

Something definite to do, is, in some crises, a far better medicine 
for a sick soul than any amount of meditation and prayer. 

A true gentleman is different from anybody else, even if he be 
sea-sick. 

QUOTATIONS FROM HENRY WARD BEECrjER. 

" A great common people built up in thrift, honor, purity, faith, 
and piety, express the religious ideas of an age better than can 
the costliest and most skilfully- wrought architecture." 

204 



QUOTATIONS FROM HENRY WARD BEECHER. 

" Public sentiment is to public officers what water is to the wheel 
of the ram." 

•■ A child is not educated who has not physical education, social 
education, intellectual education, industrial education, professional 
education, and spiritual education." 

" College learning is very much like snow; and the more a man 
has of it the less can the soil produce. It's not till practical life 
melts it that the ground yields anything." 

" A man that has not more truth, more honesty, more purity 
than the law requires, is scarcely fit to be ranked among our fellow- 
men ! " 

u The word of God is a grand eneourager of the supreme use of 
the understanding of men, both in things secular and in things 
spiritual and divine." 

•• Man with his faculties is like a band of music. Here is your 
trombone, here are your flutes, the cornet and the French horn. 
It requires long drill for each instrument. It is the very business 
of life to teach men the use of their several parts, and the harmony 
of the whole." 

" A man is safe just in proportion as you develop the whole of 
him. and dangerous in proportion as you permit him to be little. 
The more you develop man the safer he grows. Virtuous intelli- 
gence is national insurance." 

" Of all miserable men, they are the most miserable who have 
been educated intellectually, who have fine tastes and strong emo- 
tive powers, but no sort of ability to get along when obligated to 
shift for themselves. The ability to convert ideas to things is the 
great secret of outward success/' 

" Every man should build himself up in such manhood, strength, 
and beauty that other men will say, ' Show me the path that he 
has trod.' " 

" Few men try all then- faculties ; most men are like gunboats, 

205 



QUOTATIONS FEOM HENRY WARD BEECHER. 

carrying a single heavy gun, with which they do most of their 
fighting, the rest being done with small-arms." 

" A man that has simplicity, honesty, truthfulness, purity, and 
fidelity, whether he is rich or poor, is prosperous." 

u There is a specialty of work in the world for each man. But 
the man must search for it, for it will not hunt for the man." 

" God does a more wonderful thing when He holds all your 
faculties in such nice adjustment and perfect play that you win 
success, than if He had wrought that success Himself by a 
miracle." 

" You cannot succeed in life by spasmodic jerks. You cannot 
win confidence, nor earn friendship, nor gain influence, nor attain 
skill, nor reach position, by violent snatches." 

" No man is prosperous whose immortality is forfeited. No man 
is rich to whom the grave brings eternal bankruptcy." 

" Always reason up, never down. Give the greater advantage 
to the moral element, benevolence, conscience, humanity. The 
broader the pattern a man is made upon, the better can he control 
the elements of success." 

" There is much in life that is easily overcome, if there be a posi- 
tive and steadfast resistance to it. But if we are languid and 
pulseless we become a prey to it." 

" It is the passions that wear, the appetites that grind out the 
force of fife. Excitement in the higher realm of feeling does not 
wear men out or waste them. The moral sentiments nourish and 
feed men." 

" We have an order of nobility in the United States. We call it 
the common people. We believe it to be the most sublime order of 
nobility that the world has ever seen." 



206 



XX. 

IDEALS FROM FLORENCE AND 
ROME. 

JACOB MOLESCHOTT, 

Rome, Italy, 
Physiologist, Professor in the University of Pome. 

COUNT DE GUBERNATIS, 

Florence, Italy, 

Philosopher, Historian, &c. 



207 



LIGHT AND LIFE. 



HARMONY OF MIND, HEART, AND TASTE. 



PROFESSOR MOLESCHOTT, 

the celebrated chemist, physiologist, and anthropologist, author 
of "Lieht und Leben," professor in the University of Rome, 
creates his true man thus : — 

*£j/||||f XOL'GrH intelligence to have proper opinions, and 
^:NfelJ always sufficient courage to do them justice, in 
f^JT word and deed; indulgence to understand the 
ife convictions of our adversaries ; great capacity of ad- 
j miration, without rambling to ecstasy ; trust in our 
faculties, with the full consciousness that no man is 
infallible, that the wisest is only an instrument of that 
progress which daily passes over his head, heart, and will, 
that we all have our weak moments, in which the hum- 
blest may prevail. From this ensues that, to approach 
perfection, we must know our limits, always desirous to 
widen them. 

We must not only belong to our study, to the love of 
our beloved, but to the public life. AVe must contribute 
to the benefit of mankind. To attain this aim, we must 
develop our own self in every direction. 

For knowledge and virtue remain poor and bare, unless 
they are warmed and colored by beauty. 

Only from the harmony between mind, heart, and taste 
arises that constant affection which is measured alone by 
ethics, that surety of tact which makes us graceful in pri- 
vate and public society, that inward peace which shows us 

209 



PROFESSOR MOLESCHOTT. 



the spring of happiness in our own selves. A " perfect 
man " would always find serenity in his mind and power 
in his limits, because conscience is liege to nature, and to 
know it well means to be armed against adversity. 



J^ 



7r&-&^ 



SUMMARY. 

Proper Opinions. 

Capacity of Admiration. 

Understand Convictions of Adversaries. 

Know our Limits. 

Serenity of Mind. 

Surety of Tact. 

We Belong to our Study. 

Have Courage of Opinions. 

Power, within Limits. 

We Belong to Public Life. 

Harmony Between Mind, 

Heart, and Taste. 
We Belong to our Family. 
Contribute to Benefit Mankind. 



210 



A NOBLE EDUCATION. 



AUGMENT THE GENERAL HAPPINESS, THE ITALIAN IDEAL. 



COUNT ANGELO DE GUBERNATIS, 

one of the foremost of Italian literati, biographer, historian, 
orientalist, critic, author of "Animal Mythology," and many 
learned works, writes in French. Following is a slightly 
abridged translation of his letter : — 

QUALITIES essential for the development of per- 
fection in man ? " 




I believe that, above all, great effort should be 
made to assure to every man that is born a roof 
that shall be his own, and his daily bread, to 
assure him a certain state of independence. Outside of 
these conditions, each man is born into a species of slav- 
ery. After this, one may desire for him fame (la gloire), 
fortune, power, the highest wisdom, sanctity, heroism; 
but it is urgent to provide so that each man may be able 
to present himself free in face of the struggle for life. 

After that condition, I regard as a necessity for a per- 
fect life a complete development of the physical forces in 
early years. Physical health is a basis for moral health ; 
man ought to find himself the equal of man first as regards 
health. Mothers, nurses, and educators ought to be in a 
way physicians — with large views. 

The primary instruction of the child should be clear and 

laid upon a solid foundation. The earth and man are the 

subjects that ought to be made to interest youth above all 

others ; geography and history in broad outline, and, as it 

211 



COUNT DE GUBERNATIS. 

is ever alive with a philosophical spirit, seeking to incul- 
cate in each individual the sentiment of his responsibility 
in life, thus giving him a moral force which is as necessary 
as that of the physique. These two forces united form the 
veritable character. 

A career may be chosen according to taste, fitness, and 
inclination. 

A most important and difficult thing is to bring art into 
one's life. If we can put our artistic sentiment to the 
profit and the embellishment of our actions ; if in the ac~ 
complishment of our duties we can put the force, the fire, 
and the good taste of the artist ; if we seek the good and 
the happiness of others with the same persistence and fer- 
vor with which we pursue material well-being, following 
that grand philosophy of augmenting the amount of hap- 
piness upon the earth — we shall receive in the general good 
a part so large that we can turn our profits, as one can 
swim better in plenty of water, as one can breathe better 
in abundant air. Our greatest perfection, then, lies in the 
happiness that we ourselves have created. 

ANGELO DE GUBERNATIS. 



"XA7 T OTVfVTVT 


SUMMARY. 


VV IbUUM. 

Fame. 




Sanctity. 


Power. 




Heroism. 


Independence. 




Physical Health. 




Moral Health. 




Character. 


Artistic Sentiment. 


Fortune. 


General Happiness. 



21: 



XXI. 

AMERICAN PROFESSORS SPEAK. 

PROFESSOR B. A. HINSDALE, 

Ann Arbor, Mich., 
University of Michigan. 

PROFESSOR JOSEPH JASTROW, 

Madison, Wis., 
University of Wisconsin. 

DR. D. A. SARGENT, 

Cambridge, Mass., 
Teacher of Gymnastics in Harvard University. 



213 



WELL-BALANCED BODY AND MIND. 



RELATIVE PERFECTION. 




PROFESSOR B. A. HINSDALE 

writes : — 

f^T was with good reason that the Hebrew Psalmist 
exhorted men to "mark the perfect man." No 
living man can tell absolutely what a perfect 
man is. All ideals of human perfection depend 
upon country, time, state of civilization, and indi- 
vidual bias. The Athenian ideal differed widely from 
the Spartan ideal in antiquity, and both of them differ 
more or less from any ideal received at the present day. 
The adoption of the Christian ideal does not end the diffi- 
culty, for this ideal must be interpreted by different minds 
having different standards. Then, were the difficulty grow- 
ing out of the ideal overcome, we should still be con- 
fronted by the fact that no man can actualize, or realize, 
his own ideal. Hence, human perfection is wholly rela- 
tive. 

Relative perfection assumes, first, a perfect human in- 
fant to begin with, and a perfect development following. 
This involves a balance (1) of the body and the mind ; (2) 
of the various powers of the body, and (3) of the various 
powers of the mind. The balance can be produced, so far 
as it can be produced at all, only by a wide and varied 
training, whether of body or mind 

215 



PROFESSOR HINSDALE. 

Exercise that develops the arms does not equally de- 
velop the legs. The intellect, the sensibility, and the will 
are not strengthened in equal measure by the same activi- 
ties ; each requires a regimen in large measure suited to 
itself. Hence, the most arduous effort that man can make 
is the effort to attain perfection. 



SUMMARY. 

Training of Intellect. 

Training of the Will. 
Training of the Body. 

Training of the Sensibilities. 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Burke Aaron Hinsdale was born in Wadsworth, Ohio, March. 31, 1837. 
He was educated at Hiram College, where he was a pupil of James A. Garfield, 
and became a clergyman, being pastor of churches in Solon and Cleveland, 
Ohio. In 1869-70 he was professor of history and English literature in Hiram 
College, and was appointed president of that institution in 1870, which office 
he continued to hold until 1882; was superintendent of public schools in 
Cleveland from that year until 1886. He has published " Genuineness and 
Authenticity of the Gospels" in 1870; " Jewish Christian Church" in 1878; 
"Republican Text-Book" in 1880; "Garfield and Education" in 1881; 
" Schools and Studies " in 1884, and edited " The Life and Works of James A. 
Garfield" in 1882-85.] 

216 



MENTAL PLIABILITY. 



APPRECIATE THE OLD, ADVANCE THE XEW. 




PROFESSOR JOSEPH JASTROW 

writes : — 

HILE we imist all admit the utility and inspiration 
of ideals, even when they are far from realizable, it is 
questionable whether any single ideal will satisfy the re- 
quirements of a civilization so inexpressibly complex, and 
ever increasing in complexity. Is it not rather diversity 
of ideals, specialization, the power of being a leading fac- 
tor in a purpose larger than one's individuality, that is to 
shape the coming man ? Bearing in mind this strong dif- 
ferentiating tendency of a complex civilization (for in an 
anthropological sense it is utterly false that " all men are 
born equal"), we may, perhaps, still indicate certain of the 
more general qualities equally desirable and useful in alL 
callings and functions. 

Of these I would single out as most representative,, 
mental pliability, a freedom from subservience to inherited 
and outgrown notions and beliefs, the power to originate 
and to adapt one's self to the newly originated, to be not 
"dumb, driven cattle," but the "heroes in the strife." 
AYhen we consider the enormous obstructions that have 
been placed in the way of so many invaluable intellectual 
and ethical reforms and reformers, we realize how differ- 
ently might have been the pages of history had mental 

217 



PROFESSOR JASTROW. 

pliability, with its ethical counterpart, tolerance, held sway 
over the masses. 

The lower races are distinguished from the higher by a 
more rapidly completed development, as well as by an 
earlier waning of the powers, the period of preparation, of 
adaptability to the environment, being more limited. 
With this goes a more rigid conservatism, perhaps an un- 
reasoning mental tenacity, if not obstinacy. How little 
does our commonly used term " open to conviction " really 
represent ! 

But even here the ideal is a mean, not an extreme ; for 
there is a mental foolhardiness, a depreciation of our her- 
itage, that is equally dangerous. Pliability may assume 
the form of instability, lack of character, and reserve. 

To appreciate the old while advancing the new is the 
ideal ; to work with the spirit of poise and prudence, not 
of partisanship and rashness, in brief, with a reasoned en- 
thusiasm. We, as a young nation, are strong in the strength 
of youth, of pliability, but we must be mindful of the 
errors to which our strength so naturally leads. 

The practical, phase which your queries assume may 
justify a few words upon the great importance of cultivat- 
ing a large sympathy with forms of living and thinking 
that differ, no matter to what extent, from our own. The 
international spirit of our day should find expression not 
merely in steamships and post communications and world's 
fairs, but in a sincere desire and a trained ability to enter 
into the mental and social world of others. The greater 
insight into human problems, the prevention of vain pride 
as well as of ignorant jeering, the widening of the social 

218 



PROFESSOR JASTROW. 

horizon and broadening of mental faculties resulting from 
suck a point of view, are amongst the most valuable attain- 
ments of the civilized man. One might further specify the 
cultivation of a judicial spirit ; the power to view problems 
and conduct controversy without personal bias and blind 
prejudice ; the willingness to work for the best, whether 
that is your view or my view, your party or my party, and 
to withhold judgment until the right to an opinion has been 
honestly gained. 

SUMMARY. 

Mental Pliability. 

A Broad Sympathy. 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Joseph Jastrow was born in Warsaw. Poland. January 30, 1863, of Ger- 
man parentage : came to this country in 1866 and was educated in Philadelphia, 
graduating as A.B. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1882. M.A. in 1885 ; 
at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, from 1882 to 1887, doing special 
work in psychology and cognate sciences. Fellow in psychology at Johns 
Hopkins University 1885-86, and Ph.D. in 1886. Professor of Experimental 
and Comparative Psychology in the University of Wisconsin since 1888, where 
he has established a Psychological Laboratory. Member of various national 
and foreign scientific societies, of the International Psychological Congress 
(Paris. 1889), and vice-president (1891) of the anthropological section of the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science. 

Has written various psychological studies in the American Journal of Psy- 
chology, A[i)td, Education. Tin Open Court, and other philosophical journals, and 
articles of popular character in Harper's Monthly, Popular Science Monthly, 
yew Princeton Review, Science, etc. ; conducted mental science column in 
Science for several years. Separate publications : " Time Relations of Mental 
Phenomena " (New York. 1890) ; " Aspects of Modern Psychology" (Chicago, 
1890).] 

219 




ELEVATE THE RACE. 

MAKE ALL MEN STRONG, WISE, AND GOOD. 

DR. D. A. SARGENT, 

the tutor of gymnastics, writes from Cambridge, Mass. : — 

[AN is a composite being, made up of body, mind, 
and sonl. 

No one of these three elements can reach its 
fullest development except at the expense of the 
others ; that is, a man cannot attain the highest de- 
gree of perfection physically, intellectually, or spir- 
itually without reaching a state which is more or less ab- 
normal. 

Man reached the highest state of individual perfection 
centuries ago. The problem for us to-day is not to make 
strong men Milos, wise men Platos, or godly men Isaiahs, 
but to try and make all men strong, wise, and good, and 
to lift the whole human race to a higher level of general 
culture. 

This can best be accomplished by giving as much atten- 
tion to the general develojDment of both body and mind as 
is consistent with the special training necessary for secur- 
ing a livelihood and performing a function in the social 
organism. All-around gymnastics and athletics will give 
the essential training for the body, while the school, 
lyceum, pulpit, stage, and press should contribute to the 
symmetrical development of the mind. 




XXII. 

FROM THE PRESIDENTS OF AMERI 
CAN COLLEGES. 

HARVARD. 

YALE. 

PRINCETON. 



223 






ll "^ 



(&**> m fa 




(Sny'dfxom &Ao(M. ex/wctety fi* "Jdcati o/SSi/c. " &>/tywy/d J$<?2 ty & 37. &l<cat. 



A SUPERIOR EDUCATION FOR ALL. 



HARVARD IS NOT EXCLUSIVE. 



PRESIDENT CHARLES W. ELIOT, 




of Harvard, in a conversation, spoke in favor of popular edu- 
cation. 



Sf( T is a mistaken idea that Harvard, the foremost of 
American institutions, is in any way aristocratic or 
exclusive. Not more than one-quarter of the stu- 
dents, probably even less than that, are the children 
of college graduates, or of educated people ; three-fourths 
of the students come from the masses. The contrast in 
this respect between Harvard and the great schools of 
England, Oxford for instance, is striking. 

Harvard has recently expended large sums both upon 
the science and art departments, but also quite as much 
on the furthering of the various departments of the 
Humanities. 

The hope of the future lies in universal education. 
American schools up to the present time are not equal to 
those of England, France, and Germany, but rapid ad- 
vances are being made. The University foundations laid 
within the past few years, and the vast sums donated to 
them by private individuals, offer an example of public 
spirit unparalleled anywhere, and show the general feeling 
of Americans upon this subject. 



C&vu* 7/*. 8u^> 



225 



EXTRACTS FROM PRESIDENT ELIOT'S IN^UGUR^L J^DDRESS. 

To observe keenly, to reason soundly, and to imagine vividly, 
are operations as essential as that of clear and forcible expression, 
and to develop one of these facnlties it is not necessary to repress 
and dwarf the others. . . . Poetry and philosophy and science 
do not conspire to promote the material welfare of mankind ; bnt 
science no more than poetry finds its best warrant in utility. 
Truth and right are above utility in all realms of thought and 
action. 

The worthy fruit of academic culture is an open mind, trained 
to careful thinking, instructed in the methods of philosophic in- 
vestigation, acquainted in a general way with the accumulated 
thought of past generations and penetrated with humility. 

The young man of nineteen or twenty ought to know, by that 
time, what he likes best and is most fit for — whether he is most 
apt at language, or philosophy, or natural science, or mathe- 
matics. When the revelation of his own peculiar taste and 
capacity comes to a young man, let him reverently give it wel- 
come, thank God, and take courage. Thereafter he knows his 
way to happy, enthusiastic work, and, God willing, to usefulness 
and success. 

FROM " WORKING OF THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY." 

The desire for the continuity of vigorous families and for the 
reproduction of beauty, genius, and nobility of character, is uni- 
versal. " From fairest creatures we desire increase " is the com- 
monest of sentiments. The American multitude is delighted 
when an able man has an abler son, or a lovely mother a lovelier 
daughter. Democratic institutions have their effect on the pro- 
duction of ladies and gentlemen. 

Forty years ago Emerson said it was a chief felicity of our 
country that it excelled in women. 

226 



WORKING OF THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY. 

It excels more and more. Who has not seen in public and pri- 
vate life American women, unsurpassable in grace and gracious- 
ness, in serenity and dignity, in affluent gladness and abounding 
courtesy. 

Now, the lady is the consummate fruit of human society at its 
best. In all the higher walks of American life, there are men 
whose bearing and aspect at once distinguish them as gentlemen. 
They have personal force, magnanimity, moderation, and refine- 
ment j they are quick to see and to sympathize ; they are pure, 
brave, and firm. These are also the qualities that command suc- 
cess, and herein lies the only natural connection between the pos- 
session of property and nobility of character. I fully believe 
there is a larger proportion of ladies and gentlemen in the United 
States than in any other country. This proposition is true with 
the highest distinction of the term " lady " or " gentleman." The 
highest types of manner in men and women are produced abun- 
dantly on democratic soil. 

What is necessary to the making of a lady or a gentleman ? In 
the first place, natural gifts. The gentleman is bom in a de- 
mocracy no less than in a monarchy. In other words, he is a 
person of fine bodily and spiritual qualities, mostly innate. Sec- 
ondly, he must have thorough elementary education, early access 
to books, and therefore to great thoughts and great examples. 
Thirdly, he must be early brought into contact with some refined 
and noble person — father, mother, teacher, pastor, employer, or 
friend. These are the only conditions in peaceful times and in 
law-abiding communities like ours. Accordingly, such facts as 
the following are common in the United States : 

One of the numerous children of a small farmer manages to fit 
himself for college, works his way through college, becomes a law- 
yer, at forty is a much trusted man in one of the chief cities of 
the Union, and is distinguished for the courtesy and dignity of 

227 



PRESIDENT CHARLES W. ELIOT. 

his bearing and speech. A young girl not long out of school, the 
child of respectable but obscure parents, marries a public man, 
and in conspicuous station bears herself with a grace, discretion, 
and nobleness which she could not have exceeded had her blood 
been royal for seven generations. 

All this proves that the social mobility of a democracy, which 
permits the excellent and well-endowed of either sex to rise and 
seek out each other, and which gives every advantageous varia- 
tion or sport in a family stock free opportunity to develop, is 
immeasurably more beneficial to a nation than any selective 
imbreeding, founded on class distinction, which has ever been 
devised. 

Since democracy has every advantage for producing in due 
season and proportion the best human types, it is reasonable to 
expect that science and literature, music and art, and all the finer 
graces of society will develop and thrive in America, as soon as 
the most urgent tasks of subduing the wilderness and organizing 
society upon an untried plan are fairly accomplished. 



228 



INTEREST IN EDUCATION. 



THE COURSES AND SCHOOLS AT YALE. — HEADS OF THE HIGHER CULTURE. 




THE REV. TIMOTHY DWIGHT, D.D., LL.D., 

President of Yale University, in a private conversation, ex- 
pressed great satisfaction at the nourishing condition of each 
and all of the courses and departments of the University. 



one course is more popular than another, the 
t interest is unflagging. — The scientific school 
shows every year increased prosperity. 
The doctor being asked several questions — " Can 
we, the Americans, the free and the brave, ever be- 
come intelligent like the Greeks, rational like the Scotch, 
profound like the Germans? Can we create here in the 
New World a civilization higher than* that of Europe!" 
— replied : 

" We ought to. Up to the present time we have been 
pioneers ; we have been forced to create our world, to make 
a place to live in ; now we have finished that work, now 
we have wealth, comfort, and leisure, we shall undertake 
something else, something higher, — culture, education. A 
great awakening has taken place on the subject of educa- 
tion within the past few years." 



/T\ 




229 



YALE. 

The courses and schools in Yale University are as follows : 

COURSES OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION. 

I. Psychology, Ethics, Philosophy. 

II. Political and Social Science, History, Law. 

III. Philosophy, Literature. 

IV. Mathematics. 

V. Physics and Chemistry. 
VI. Geology, Natural History. 
VII. Applied Science. 
VIII. The Fine Arts. 

(This list embraces the abstract and concrete sciences, with 
reference also to the practical sciences.) 

THE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTS. 

The Scientific School. The Art School. 

The Divinity School. The Medical School. 

The Law School. 

(This list embraces the practical sciences.) 

Music, Gymnastics, and Athletics, though not in the curricu- 
lum, form a part of the discipline. 

The decorations of the new reading-room of the college library 
are interesting. Poetry is represented by alto-relievo busts of 
Homer, Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare, Goethe ; Philosophy (in a 
wide sense) by Plato, Cicero, Newton, Kant, and Franklin. In 
the large and beautiful stained glass window are symbolically 
represented four other cultures, Music, Religion, Art, and Science. 
The two supports of Religion are Reverence and Inspiration, 
those of Science are Research and Intuition. The six subjects 
together, Music and Religion, Poetry and Philosophy, Art and Sci- 
ence, show the heads of a complete scheme of the higher culture. 

230 



SELECTIONS FROM THE WRITINGS OF PRESIDENT DWIGHT, 

THE SUMMONS TO ACTION. 

What are the needs of the time? It is certainly a critical 
period in the experience of the world, and especially of our own 
nation, at which the young men of these passing years are enter- 
ing upon their life's work. In material things our people are 
moving, as if in an hour, out of the limitations and moderation 
of the past, into all the resoiu'ces and wealth of the most luxu- 
rious nations. The temptation to get money and to spend it, to 
view it as the means of all good and the end of all desire, to 
make what it brings the essential thing in the idea of earthly 
happiness, to subordinate for its sake the inward life to the out- 
ward, is becoming stronger and seemingly more irresistible con- 
tinually. The demoralizing of character which follows the yield- 
ing to this temptation is more and more clearly manifesting it- 
self. Those who stand nearest to the centres of the public living 
in this regard may well be alarmed for the future, and the most 
thoughtful among them are so oftentimes, as we know. Closely 
bordering upon this sudden and wonderful increase of wealth 
and the desire for it, there has come upon us what threatens to 
be a serious and prolonged conflict between classes in society, and 
also an inroad of theories of the State, which would overthrow 
what has been founded upon the thought and wisdom of ages. 
And no less closely bordering upon it. doubt and questioning of 
the most dangerous order are pressing in upon us. The absorp- 
tion of the mind and heart in material things is extinguishing in 
the soul the thought of the spiritual and of that which lays hold 
upon the inmost self and reaches out into the immortal future. 
The best and highest part of man is forgotten. The danger of 
the hour is, that even the educated classes will lose out of them- 
selves the most ennobling element of life, and will satisfy them- 
selves with knowing the seen and not knowing the unseen. That 



o 



31 



PRESIDENT DWIGHT. 

these are among the evils and tendencies of the time, no thought- 
ful observer will question. That the bearing of the best teachings 
and noblest impulses of this place upon these evils is to resist 
them, I believe that those who breathe the atmosphere here are 
fully convinced. And so when the summons to those who have 
had their education here is to go hence, it is a summons to con- 
flict with the power of the world, which in these and similar ways 
opposes the true righteousness to-day, as truly as it was when the 
same words were spoken centuries ago. 

It is our being, rather than our doing, which is the primary mat- 
ter of our obligation ; and it is this, also, which constitutes the 
beginning, if not indeed the major part of our influence. The 
doing follows naturally out of the being. It is secure, if no out- 
ward hindrance be put in its way, so soon as the being is secure. 
If therefore you are to be a force in the world for the higher 
things as against the lower, if you are to be a power to raise men 
above the complete devotion of their lives to the external and 
material, you must yourselves be thus elevated to the higher liv- 
ing. You must show, by yourselves and in yourselves, that ma- 
terial prosperity or wealth is not essential to happiness, and that 
there is in the soul what no outward loss or gain can destroy or 
create. The lessons which you have learned here are to this end. 
You have not simply acquired here a certain amount of knowledge 
or a certain strength and discipline of the mental faculties. These 
things, indeed, you have gained, according to the measure of the 
energy which you have put forth. But this is not the blessing 
which the university has given you and through which it has 
made you a distinct class of men. This blessing consists in the 
entrance which has been opened for you into the inner, intellect- 
ual, or spiritual life. It is by means of the great fact of this en- 
trance that your lives are placed upon the highest plane and that 
you are enabled, if you will, to know in yourselves the noblest 

232 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WRITINGS. 

manhood. There is no one of you who has not the consciousness 
of this whenever he turns his most serious thought upon himself 
and has his deepest insight into what is best within himself. 
Surely, then, if there is an inspiration breathing itself into your 
souls from these past years, or a call of duty as you go forth 
from this place, which speaks to you with a clearer voice than 
any other, it is that you should carry forward with you to the 
end this life of the mind and soul, the reality and value of which 
you have already been made to appreciate. And so of the other 
things of which I have spoken. The thinking of this university, 
and of every true university, is an independent thinking ; but it 
is not a thinking which ends in negations. The man who knows, 
by reason of the noblest influences of his education, that there is 
an inward life deeper and better than the outward life, richer in 
its joys and fruits and hopes than the latter can be, is not an end- 
less doubter. Much less is he content to ignore the unseen, for 
he discovers in his own personal experience that out of the un- 
seen come the best impulses of his manhood and the strongest 
incitements to duty and right living. His life in the world — if 
it accords with the ideal within him — is a continual testimony on 
behalf of manly seeking after positive truth. And the lesson of 
his life is that the possession of positive truth is what gives 
energy and effectiveness and heroic enthusiasm and highest 
worth to all living. 

There is no greater error in this matter than the one which 
seems often to find lodgment in the minds of many men, that 
the joy of life passes away with youth, and that the golden period 
is behind us, receding into the distance as we move onward. 
How can it be so with men of intellectual activity, whose educa- 
tion has opened to them possibilities of thought and learning in 
the richest fields ? The mind, as it matures and grows stronger, 
gets a wider grasp upon truth ; and it delights at forty in the 

233 



PRESIDENT DWIGHT. 

contemplation of what it scarcely knew at all at twenty. It 
reaches out rejoicingly after more, and continually sees in its 
growing self new capabilities and larger results for the future. 
And so too of character. We begin in the matter of character 
when we are young : but the development is in the years which 
follow afterward. Strong as may be the right principles or the 
Christian love and faith of a young man when he leaves the uni- 
versity, he cannot, by reason of his years, know what will be the 
joy for himself of his own growth in this regard when he has 
moved forward into some later stage of his living. Experiences 
of which he knows nothing as yet, oftentimes experiences of sor- 
row and disappointment, are the sources of that conscious devel- 
opment of the inner life which, as the man turns his thought 
upon it, gives him the joy with which strangers do not interfere. 
And once more, the happiness of doing good, and being helpful 
to the world : how largely, how almost exclusively this belongs 
to the later rather than the earlier period, to the time of action 
rather than that of preparation. This is the necessary order of 
life. The man makes himself ready for the world's activity ; and 
then he goes forth to be useful. The joy of the beginning is 
beautiful in its season, but it is far inferior to that which comes 
with the results. And the more the man is filled with the spirit 
of a noble manhood, the greater will be the satisfaction which 
comes to him, the blessing which dwells in his inmost soul, as he 
sees the issues of his action in the welfare of those around him. 
The Divine Father did not make us that we should look back- 
ward, but that we should look forward. He did not make the 
sunlight of our day to be bright at its dawning and dark in its 
later hours, but He desired and intended that the pathway of the 
righteous — the rightly living man — should shine more and more 
unto the perfect day. 



234 



LITERATURE THE BEST CULTURE. 



LET US BECOME INTERESTED IX THE THINGS OF THE MIND. 



PRESIDENT PATTON, of Princeton College, 

being visited at his home, spoke freely upon the subject of the 
higher culture. 



JjjREAT institutions recognize the diversity of gifts. 



g5K It is hard to generalize, or lay down one rule for 
all. In the freshman and sophomore years at 

Xs> Princeton the young men are well drilled in Greek, 
Latin, and mathematics. This forms the foundation. 
From this they are gradually led up to the philosophical 
studies. In the junior and senior years we have students 
reading Roman law — the Code of Justinian in the origi- 
nal — and the History of Philosophy ; others are studying 
the higher logic and the laws of thought. 

Probably the two most popular studies are Politics and 
Philosophy. 

The possible danger to our young men and to our civil- 
ization, in Dr. Patton's opinon, is Luxury. We make 
money easily ; how shall we spend it ? We have here no 
leisurely literary class. 

One may perhaps frankly ask whether we are likely to 
become merely a dinner-going, a yachting, a horse-loving 
people, or whether we shall be really and truly interested 
in the " tilings of the mind." 

In England gentlemen go into politics. The American 

gentleman will have nothing to do with politics, thinks it 

235 



PRESIDENT PATTON. 

beneath him. This is a pity ; it would give him something 
with which to occupy himself. 

The president spoke, on the whole, mo'st hopefully of 
the outlook for the American of the near future. The best 
culture for him is Literature. 



SUMMARY. 

Philosophy. 

Politics. 

Mathematics. 

Latin. 

Greek. 



236 



SELECTIONS FROM PRESIDENT PATTON'S ADDRESSES. 

If any one should say that it is intrinsically harder for men to 
"be religious than women, I do not know that I should dispute the 
proposition. I certainly should not do it without making 1 allow- 
ance for the special temptations to which men are subject, the 
irreligious atmospheres into which they are thrown, and the many 
influences unfriendly to religion which seem to beset husbands, 
sons, and brothers, of which wives and mothers and sisters are 
in a measure, at least, happily ignorant. And so I can under- 
stand the special interest with which an audience of men is re- 
garded, and the special ground for gratitude that there is when 
in some time of religious interest the claims of the Gospel take 
hold of men. 

There is good reason . . . for the particular interest that is felt 
in young men, and above all, the religious life of young men. 
For they seem to carry with them the world's fortunes. The 
passing generation sees the promise of its own immortality in the 
rich new life of these young men. Their life is all before them. 
They have no past. Their future is, so to speak, a matter of their 
own making. We commit the world of the future to their senses ; 
the bright electric nights to their vision, the new discoveries of 
science to their admiration. "We shall not live to see the day, 
but you will." we are accustomed to say, and so we use the 
younger generation to give ourselves an artificial longevity. 
There is a peculiar sympathy which a young man awakens in us 
— awakens, I mean, especially in men. We understand him. 
How much of our life he is repeating ! How in all he does he 
seems to be plagiarizing from the book of our own memory ! His 
hopes, his ambitions, his dreams, his enthusiasms, sometimes his 
magnified estimate of himself, and his disregard of the wisdom 
of his elders — have we not experienced it all? His follies too, 
and his blunders, his non-malicious wrong-doing, sometimes even 
his sins — did we not go before him ? All, then, unless we are self- 

237 



PRESIDENT PATTON. 

ish, unless we are unwilling that others should excel us — here is 
the secret of our anxiety, of our interest in the welfare of these 
young lives. It is the contrast between ourselves conditioned, 
handicapped by age, by habit, by the momentum we have gath- 
ered in the rush down the stream, and these young men with 
their future before them and in their own hands, that draws us 
to them. If we had our lives to live over again, we say, we 
should act differently. We should study this and hot neglect 
that. But now it is too late, and we must make the best of such 
undisciplined or ill-disciplined powers as we have. But these 
young men, we think, can avoid these mistakes • and we would 
fain, if they would let us, act as pilot for them to steer them clear 
of the rocks on which our own barks were well-nigh shipwrecked 
years ago. Oh, how wise and good the race would be if wisdom 
were cumulative and we the heirs of all the ages had come into 
possession of an unwasted inheritance ! 

And when to youth we add the advantage of intellectual cult- 
ure, we magnify the interest felt in those who possess them both. 
For it needs no prophet to see in them the men who for good or 
ill will shape the history of the next generation. Men fail some- 
times to fulfil the promise of their youth. They grow sick, or 
lose heart, or succumb to luxury, or fall into evil habits ; but for 
all that, the world's hope and the world's future are with the edu- 
cated young men of to-day. 

EXTRACTS PROM AN ADDRESS BEFORE THE NEW ENGLAND SOCIETY, 
NEW YORK, 1891. 

Man moves in his own world. The outsider passes his neigh- 
bor's door, looks in at his window, and generally succeeds in mis- 
judging him. The gift of seeing others as they are is quite as 
much to be coveted as that of seeing ourselves as others see us. 
Vanity is no worse than consciousness. It is a mistake to geom- 

238 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS ADDRESSES. 

etrize with self as a centre. The religionist makes this mistake 
when he thinks that all the good is in his denomination. The 
Bostonian makes it when he forgets that the centre of gravity has 
shifted, and declines to read the New York papers. The man of 
business makes it when he underrates the scholar, and the scholar 
makes it when he supposes that he can construct a tariff bill out 
of theoretical economies. . . . By the New Englander I mean 
the Puritan, and by the Puritan I mean the man who has the 
spirit of the Pilgrims, no matter where you find him, and Puritan- 
ism is the salt of the American earth. 

Puritanism is individualism — it affirms the right of personality. 
It was a protest against centralization in the beginning; and 
when we are told by the State Socialists to nationalize the tele- 
graphs, and nationalize the railroads, and nationalize the indus- 
tries, and nationalize the land, Puritanism will protest again. 
Puritanism emphasizes the responsibility of the individual. The 
Puritan is often misunderstood. It is said that he is not worldly, 
because he is so other-worldly ; that he gives poverty a free ticket 
to the banquets of heaven, and relieves distress by singing the 
"Sweet By and By." The Puritan's sense of responsibility is 
what we need to-day. You may tell me that the end of life is the 
well-being of society, and therefore I should be benevolent. But 
enforced benevolence is taxation, and excessive taxatian is tyr- 
anny. . . . The Puritan believes in the idea. He cannot deal 
with concrete issues without seeing that his action involves a gen- 
eral principle. Corporations have their bad side, but they have 
their good side too. The railroad king may say a disagreeable 
thing about the public, but the public itself is sometimes disagree- 
able and forgets what the corporation has done for it. The cor- 
poration is civilization's greatest invention, and we owe it to the 
Roman jurists. There is but one thing needed, and it is that 
since law has made it a person, the gospel should give it a soul. 

239 



PRESIDENT PATTON. 

And here again the hope of America lies in universalizing the Pur- 
itan; for the Puritan is, above all things, a man of conscience ; 
and conscience is the best part of man. Conscience was speaking 
in Paul when he said, " If meat make my brother offend I will not 
eat meat while the world stands." Conscience was speaking in 
Peter when he said we ought to obey God rather than man. The 
voice of conscience has always been heard in human society,, 
though her judgment was so warped by her environment, and her 
protests made so unavailing by conflicting interests, that at last, 
resolving to abandon the companionship of worldliness and vice, 
she became incarnate in the Puritan. 

What the world needs, however, is not the Puritan and society,. 
but the Puritan in society ; not the separation of conscience and 
self-love, but a partnership, with conscience as the head of the 
firm. 

The question is whether we can be loyal to righteousness and 
truth. It remains to be seen whether the spirit of the Pilgrims 
will abide with us ; whether it will vote at elections and sit at 
directors' tables, and whether under its influence we shall speak 
plainly in the pulpit, act honestly in trade, and refuse to hold a 
brief for fraud. The Puritan spirit is the safeguard of morality. 
It is the Puritan in us that protests against corruption in the 
management of municipal affairs; it is the Puritan in us that 
speaks in righteous indignation when the man who has denied his 
name essays to give direction to the moral sense of the English- 
speaking world in a crusade against political injustice. 



240 



XXIII. 
OUR COLLEGE PRESIDENTS. 

PRESIDENT SETH LOW, 

Columbia College. 

PRESIDENT C. K. ADAMS, 

Cornell University. 

PRESIDENT E. B. ANDREWS, 

Brown University. 

CHANCELLOR H. M. MacCRACKEN, LL.D., 

University of the City of New York. 

PROVOST WILLIAM PEPPER, M.D., 

University of Pennsylvania. 

PRESIDENT G. STANLEY HALL, D.D., 

Clark University. 



243 



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COLUMBIA TEACHES POLITICAL SCIENCE. 



PRESIDENT SETH LOW, 



"being asked what form of culture Columbia College was ad- 
vancing at this time, replied : — - 



'HAT culture was here being advanced in all direc- 
tions. He further said that an important and 
popular study at Columbia was Political Science. Some 
two hundred young men, both in the school of law and 
out of it, are this term taking the following courses, most 
of which are optional or elective : Constitutional History 
of the United States, Comparative Constitutional Law, 
Institutes of Eoman Law, History of European Law, In- 
ternational Private Law, Systematic Jurisprudence, Ad- 
ministrative Law, Law of Taxation, Public International 
Law, Constitutional History of Europe, Constitutional 
History of England. All these branches come under the 
faculty of Political Science. 






245 



EXTRACT FROM PRESIDENT LOW'S ^DDRESS, 

Whenever I think of Harvard College I think of three things : 
first, like the snn she sends forth light j secondly, like the snn she 
sends forth heat ; thirdly, like the snn she has that activity by 
which she photographs herself npon the faces of all who look to 
her, and inspires them with the trnest, noblest service of which 
they are capable. 

I think it is the general testimony as to all intellectual pursuits, 
that the best specialist is the man who first of all is roundly de- 
veloped before he begins to specialize. There is nothing like a 
life of poverty for developing in men the qualities that lead to 
the accumulation of large fortunes. In no other school does a 
man learn to place so high a value on money, and nowhere else 
does he acquire so effectually the qualities of self-restraint, which 
enable him both to save and to accumulate. 

To be successful in a business career, a man, whether he is a 
college student or not, must give his whole heart to it and over- 
come whatever obstacles he in his way. 



246 



A BETTER TRAINING DEMANDED. 



DEVELOP THE MORAL SIDE. 




PRESIDENT C. K. ADAMS, of Cornell University, 
writes from Ithaca : — 

N reply to your inquiry as to my opinion con- 
cerning " the coming man and how to build up 
character," I beg to say : 
First, a better training in the elementary and secondary 
schools. This is the weak point of our educational system. 
In comparison with foreign schools, especially those of 
Germany and France, we are here lamentably weak, owing 
to the fact that our teachers, as a rule, are not so well 
trained in the art and science of giving instruction. We 
teach a little of too many things, but do not train the mind 
properly by teaching anything with thoroughness. 

Secondly, we need in all grades of our schools to pay 
much more careful attention to the development of the 
moral or ethical side of our natures. It is upon this 
foundation alone that character is to rest, and consequently 
there can be no perfect character that is built upon the 
education of the intellect alone. 

Very truly yours, 




247 



STUDY ETHICS AND SOCIOLOGY. 



PUBLIC SPIRIT WANTED AND MORE WILL-POWER. 




PRESIDENT E. B. ANDREWS, Brown University, Providence, R. I., 

writes : — 

'N answer to your inquiries in circular of the 15th 
instant, I would say that I regard our American 
youth, as they come under my observation, more 
lacking in "grit" and in public spirit than in any 
other qualities. The wide study of ethics and sociology 
will do much to create public spirit. The other lack 
is deeper and much harder to reach. In our American 
education hitherto we have done nothing to train the will. 
Even now little is doing in this interest except by the stu- 
dents themselves, in the various sports which they culti- 
vate. Base-ball, and still more foot-ball, is an excellent 
exercise for the will. Our courses in ethics ought to re- 
gard more earnestly this part of our nature. Intemper- 
ance and other vices rage as they do largely because of its 
weakness. 



&. UTx*t/. i^yx^lA^J^) 



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248 



THE MORAL AND RELIGIOUS VALUE OF HIGHER EDUCATION. 
By President E. Benjamin Andrews, LL.D. 

Learning for its own sake, in the strict sense of this phrase, 
meaning* that we learn without any reference whatever to any 
good, either to ourselves or to others, to be had thereby, is a con- 
tradiction. If such a course were conceivable or possible, it 
would still be irrational. But let us be convinced that we are 
vital members of human society; that our mental cultivation 
will count in furtherance of human progress; that our fellow- 
men are to be made happier and better through the training 
which we are giving and receiving ; we then see it to be reason- 
able and good to exert ourselves to the utmost. Only under the 
stimulus of such a view, I believe, can a thoughtful man perma- 
nently do his best. Now, I profoundly believe that such an inti- 
mate relation between the higher learning and the weal of all 
actually exists. 

We see it, first, on the ordinary level of material welfare. 
Civilization as to its material basis, as to those aspects of it that 
fill men's minds, alas ! mostly to the exclusion of the higher phases 
— civilization in its practical efficiency is in the last analysis 
totally dependent on the work done at the centres of learning. 
Nearly all the great advances in industry which make goods 
cheaper and life happier involve principles which have been care- 
fully wrought out in the study or the laboratory. Edison could 
do little but for the science of physics, which less practical men 
elaborated and made ready for his use. Physics, in turn, depends 
at every step upon the higher mathematics. Bichloride of mer- 
cury, which has given to recent surgery its glorious successes, 
and which, in medicine, has taken its main terrors from that 
once awful disease diphtheria, is a chemical invention. And the 
power of research in these high realms pays. "Witness the case 
of Germany, which manufactures eighty-three per cent, of the 

249 



PRESIDENT E. B. ANDREWS. 

chemicals used on the continent of Europe, because of the chemi- 
cal discoveries made and the knowledge of chemistry diffused 
among her people through the agency of her universities. It is 
for lack of chemical knowledge of clays that America as yet 
makes no such porcelain as Germany or Austria, and the same 
lack wastes for us every year millions of dollars' worth of mate- 
rials and labor in such third or fourth class pottery as we do 
make. In the effort of America to compete industrially with 
European nations, no one thing is more important than the pro- 
motion among us of scientific training in its higher forms. 

No tongue can tell the debt which the practical, everyday 
science on which the world now lives owes to the great masters 
and law-givers of science in the departments of mathematics and 
physics, and every one of them was the offspring of some institu- 
tion for high learning. Nearest to an exception is Descartes, 
whose pupilage ended early, and who is distinguished among his- 
toric thinkers for having wrought out some of the most recondite 
philosophical and mathematical truths known to man in a sol- 
dier's hut and by a soldier's camp-fire. But Descartes could cer- 
tainly never have done this had it not been for his eight years at 
the excellent school of La Fleche, founded by Henry of Navarre. 

The same, if not a closer, relation exists between good schools 
and practical science in the department of sociology. One sec- 
tion in the broad field of social science people nearly always for- 
get when speaking of human progress, though it is most closely 
related thereto — I refer to law. In discussions upon the rise and 
evolution of culture among the Romans, we always make great 
note of Roman law, but it seems to be taken for granted that 
elsewhere culture has been built up nearly or quite independently 
of legal institutions and reforms. So far is this from being the 
case that one may well doubt whether the tie between legal sys- 
tems and the progress of civilization was ever so close as in mod- 

250 



THE VALUE OF HIGHER EDUCATION. 

ern times. Few men in the last hundred years have done more 
for human advancement than Savigny, Bentham, John Austin, 
and Sir Henry Maine. All of these were lawyers, and all were 
also university graduates, whose influence, but for their special 
training, the world would, in all probability, never have felt. If 
possible, even more than theology, law derives its progress and 
power from professional study and teaching. Of course, learned 
institutions cannot claim all the credit for the beneficial influence 
exerted by those whom they educate. Schools cannot create 
genius, but they do what is quite as important, they call it out 
and train it. 

The same high utility attaches to learning in the domain of 
culture. This is in fact an aspect of the good of education which 
peculiarly exalts it. It is more vitally important than aught else, 
save character, to the perfection of civilization. Mere material 
resources do not constitute or create fine civilization. Wealth, 
unaccompanied by what is higher, breeds Philistinism, which can 
be naught but degrading to a nation's character. Things can 
never take the place of men. Trade, commerce, business, indus- 
try — these are important factors in human culture, but by them- 
selves they have in no case yet made a nation great. The exalta- 
tion of a nation's rank has never come alone or mainly through 
the operation of commercial motives. It requires a certain eleva- 
tion of spirit, a devotion to ideals, a philosophic composure, to 
which the atmosphere of the market is a deadly foe. 



251 



TOO MUCH ARITHMETIC, TOO LITTLE 
TRAINING. 

EMPHASIZE BEFORE THE NATION THE SCHOOL FOUNDATIONS THAT APPROACH 

THE IDEAL. 




HENRY M. MaeCRACKEN, 

the Chancellor of the University of the City of New York, 
writes : — 

OUR question respecting the chief needs of Amer- 
ican youth is a difficult one to answer in few 
y words. 

In general terms, I count that the scholars of our 
primary and grammar schools have too much arith- 
metic, and too little physical, sesthetical, and moral train- 
ing. In our academies and high schools, three fourths 
of the youth should have manual training, on such pattern 
as is offered by the High School of Toledo, which has be- 
come a model, with an increase of moral and aesthetic train- 
ing, even at the cost of diminishing the drill in mathe- 
matics. The other fourth of our high-school and academy 
scholars, and in general all our students in colleges and in 
professional schools, need far more thorough intellectual 
training than they have had in the past, with more careful 
attention to the physical, the moral, and the spiritual. 

Our greatest need to-day is, first, that the most able cor- 
porations and cities labor to set before the nation here and 
there model professional and graduate schools grouped in 
a university. Second, model American colleges. Third, 

252 



CHANCELLOR MacCRACKEX. 

model high schools and model academies, with manual 
training annexes. Fourth, model grammar and primary 
schools. Alongside one or other of the above, I would 
place the technological school, the art school, and the 
schools of mechanic, domestic, and industrial arts. 

The other need is that thinkers and writers consider or 
discover, and emphasize strongly before the nation, those 
school foundations which most nearly approach the ideaL 

Sincerely yours, 



^>#6-W. 



SUMMARY. 

Spiritual Training. 

Physical Training. 
Moral Training. 
Manual Training. 

^Esthetic Training. 



253 



UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



VIEWS OF THE PROVOST, DR. WILLIAM PEPPER. 



HAT qualities does the young American of to- 
day most lack? Strength, activity, ambition, 
jp ability are already his : let him learn the power 
of repose, the pleasure of self-denial, the dignity 
of self-respect, the reality of ideals. 





A pamphlet called "Proposals Relative to the Education of 
Youth in Pennsylvania/' written in 1749 by Benjamin Franklin, 
led to an association founding a school on the lines suggested by 
him. One thousand pounds were raised, and an academy consist- 
ing of an English, mathematical, aud a Latin school, each under a 
master, was formally opened. Out of this institution grew the 
University, which was chartered in 1791. It now comprises the 
following departments, taught by one hundred and fifty profes- 
sors : — 

Department of Medicine. 

Department of Law. 

Department of Dentistry. 

Department of Philosophy. 

Department of Veterinary Medicine. 

Department of Physical Education. 
254 



Course in Arts. 
Courses in Science. 
Courses in Natural History. 
Course in Finance and Economy. 



HEALTH IS CHIEF. 



THE ORIENTAL AND THE MAN OF THE WEST. 



DR. G. STANLEY HALL, 



the President of Clark University, "Worcester, in a conversa- 
tion, gave his views as follows : — 

*®HLEALTH is chief. Health is absolutely of prime 

>jgJp!l importance, not physical culture merely, but right 

xE* eating, drinking, bathing, breathing, exercising, 

% sleeping. In Grermany they have thrown out the clas- 

I sics to make room for hygiene. This was done long 

ago in Sweden. Dyspepsia, bad teeth, nervousness, and 

the seeds of phthisis are poor foundation for a perfect man. 

One must have a specialty— a field, however small, of 

which he is master — be it a craft, an art, or a science. 

He must have religion. This enables him to renounce 
the thousand things he cannot have, it shuts the many 
open questions he cannot solve. The Oriental has every- 
thing and wants nothing. The man of the West thinks 
he has nothing and wants everything. The mean between 
the two is best. 



SUMMARY. 

Have a Specialty. 
Have Religion. 
Cultivate Health. 

255 



EXTRACTS FROM DR. BALL'S WORKS. 

GERMANY AND AMERICA. 

To begin our inventory of them in the harbor, — differences in 
latitude and meteorology have made our country, perhaps, the 
lightest in the world. The clearness of the atmosphere, the great 
number and (as compared with a corresponding climate in Europe) 
the length of sunny days here, the distinctness of distant outlines, 
the brilliancy of all nature's colors, from sky and foliage to com- 
plexions, have combined to develop here an eye which is remark- 
ably acute, quick, and free from defects, and which, it has been 
argued with plausibility, has been an unusually dominant in- 
fluence in the development of the American brain and character, 
analogous to the high development of the auditory sense in G-er- 
many, which inclines to mysticism and sentimentality. How 
much this has to do with the American's dislike of an out-of-door 
life, his tastes in art, dress, and manners, his confidence in first 
impressions, etc., we hazard no opinion here. 

The dryness and purity of our air form another salient char- 
acteristic. The hair, skin, and beard grow dry (partly, of course, 
from other causes), we breathe a trifle faster, the heart beats 
somewhat quicker, and all vital processes are accelerated. We 
consume our reserve physical forces, and overdo more frequently, 
easily, and unconsciously. The nervous system begins to grow 
more active; and perhaps we feel less poise, a slight sense of 
restlessness, and haste grows not infrequently on a nervous per- 
son. In some cases, beer and wine, which may have been used 
constantly with impunity abroad, must be given up on returning. 
If we rest, we find ourselves beating time with hands, feet, or 
head, or, instead of storing it up, love to let our surplus energy 
trickle off by the intermittent propulsion of a rocking-chair, an 
abomination almost unknown on the Continent. Our very speech 
often seems a trifle more rapid and emphatic ; and our gestures, 

256 



EXTRACTS FROM DR. HALL'S WORKS. 

if we are in the habit of gesticulating, are a little more florid and 
demonstrative. The appetite improves, digestion is quite com~ 
monly better, and ladies have assured me that their complexions 
were benefited on returning. I have seen a file of one hundred 
and fifty small German boys just as they marched out of the 
school-house at noon, almost unbroken a quarter of a mile away ; 
and I observed several hundred little girls at the Victoria School 
in Berlin during an out-door recess, and did not see one run a 
step or do anything a lady might not have done, although they 
were allowed perfect freedom. Here, even older school-girls play 
very active and often exciting games, or what is worse, get to- 
gether and giggle uncontrollably. This, for a type of constitu- 
tion quite common here, is nothing less than a mild form of de- 
bauch. Pedestrians, cars, and even horses, go faster. Feelings, 
passions, desires, and ambitions are more intense, and expressed 
with less restraint, and most of them gratified more freely. For 
any other temperament the alternative of teetotalism or inebria- 
tion would be absurd: here it is often real and pressing. Fi- 
nally, every young man feels that if he do not become President it 
will be because he did not try to be, or else because his own abili- 
ties are at fault. These are some of the causes why we are the 
most sanguine, the brightest, most plucky, and perhaps most 
cheerful people in the world. 

Again, we are perhaps the hardest workers in the world. 
Whatever he may say of its quality, the German official or man 
of business is always appalled at the quantity of work his com- 
peer here can turn off in a given time. We may be born larger, 
carry less flesh, mature earlier, dry up and decay younger, than 
the Germans ; but in dispatch, executive ability, impromptu prac- 
tical judgment, we as far excel them as they excel us in science 
and philosophy. 

Business here seems to not a few Germans of average intelli- 

257 



DR. G. STANLEY HALL. 

gence with whom I have conversed only as a grand inoney-hunt, 
which is so absorbing that it leaves men no leisure for culture, 
domestic enjoyment, or even for needed rest, eating, etc. The 
most popular of even our festivals, it is said, is an industrial ex- 
position. No nation so young was ever so rich, although less' 
wealth has ruined maturer ones. The fact that, to use a current 
though unscientific distinction, business is developed dispropor- 
tionately to industry, causing crises and reactions, occasions no 
doubt, on the whole, more unscrupulousness, and want of thor- 
oughness and conscientiousness, in trade than in Germany. Out- 
side New England, almost our only aristocracy is based on wealth. 
The maxim, " G-et on, get honor, get honest," which implies that 
the kingdom of heaven is to be sought last, after all other things 
are added, is perhaps, on the whole, as fitting a national motto as 
the tedious ''Time is money," which is sputtered in half a dozen 
brogues all over Europe, by thousands who know no English but 
those words, at restless Americans. Indeed, the extent to which 
business considerations have come to control politics, education, 
and even the Church, seems one of our most marked characteris- 
tics to a temporarily denationalized American upon renewing his 
citizenship at home. Nor is even this quite as deplorable as is 
often assumed. We believe, on the other hand, that, by estab- 
lishing these institutions upon the most solid if the lowest founda- 
tions of interest, this will prove the beginning of a new and at 
last advantageous departure, unfavorable as it seems at present. 



258 



XXIV. 

TRUTH OR FAITH. 

PROFESSOR F. MAX MULLER, 

Oxford, England, 

Orientalist, Linguist, and Professor of Comparative Philology at 
Oxford University. 



261 




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FROM THE VEDAS TO IMMANUEL KANT. 



TRUTH IN THE INWARD PARTS. 



In answer to the question, " "What are the qualities that are most essential 
to the all-round development of a human being ?" 



PROFESSOR MAX MULLER 

writes :— - 



k^IVEBSOS diverse juvant. There are innumerable 




Ik qualities which make the man and fit him for 



A%Sr timt work in life which he is meant to do. But 
there is one quality which is essential, without 
which a man is not a man, without which no really 
great life was ever lived, without which no really great 
work was ever achieved — that is truth, truth in the in- 
ward parts. Look at all the really great and good men. 
Why do we call them great and good ! Because they dare 
to be true to themselves, they dare to be what they are. 

But it is not mere daring that will keep a man true to 
himself. That daring must have a root, and that root is 
faith, faith in that, whatever we may call it, in which we 
live and move and have our being, faith that right will 
ever be right, faith that even overwhelming majorities 
cannot make right wrong, faith that the triumph of wrong 
can never last, though it may outlast our life. 

There is no health, no happiness, no loveliness in any 
who is without that faith, without that courage, without 
that truthfulness. The true heroes of history have been, 

263 



MAX MULLER. 



are, and will be, those who have acted up to that faith. 
A man is a man so long as he is true face to face with the 
world, and, what is harder still, so long as he is true face 
to face with himself. 



jLJk** 



SUMMARY. 

Faith. 
Truthfulness. 

Courage. 

Daring. 



264 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Frederick Max Muller, son of Willielin Muller, the German poet, was 
born at Dessau, December 6, 1823. He graduated from the University of 
Leipzig in 18-13, and studied Sanskrit and comparative philosophy ; he also 
studied in Berlin and Paris. His first published work was a translation of 
" The Hitopadesa." and in 1849 appeared the first volume of the "Rig- Veda." 
He was made honorary M.A. and member of Christ Church in 1 851 ; was 
elected Taylorian Professor, and received the full degree of M.A. by decree 
of Convocation in 1821 ; was made a curator of the Bodlerian Library in 
1856 ; was elected a Fellow of All Souls' College in 1858 ; was Professor of 
Comparative Philosophy at Oxford in 1868 ; he resigned his professorship 
at Oxford in 1875, intending to return to Germany, but the University re- 
quested him to remain at Oxford. In 1877 he was elected a delegate of the 
University Press, and in 1881 curator of the Bodleian Library. He has pub- 
lished many books, among them being : " The Origin and Growth of Religion 
as Illustrated by the Religions of India," "An Essay on Bengali, and its Re- 
lation to the Aryan Languages,"' "Proposals for a Uniform Missionary Alpha- 
bet," "The German Classics from the Fourth to the Nineteenth Century," 
"History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature." and "Lectures on the Science of 
Language." Since 1879 Professor Max Muller has devoted himself to teach- 
ing several Buddhist priests who had been sent to him from Japan to learn 
Sanskrit. He is one of the eight foreign members of the Institute of France, 
one of the knights of the Ordre pour le Merite, one of the ten foreign members 
of the JReale Accademia dei Lined of Rome, and has received the honorary 
degree of Doctor of Laws at Cambridge and Edinburgh.] 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS, 
(from "science of religion" and translation of "the path of virtue.") 

All higher knowledge is gained by comparison and rests on 
comparison. 

" He who knows one language knows none." . . . The same 
applies to religion. He who knows one knows none. 

A third philosophical discipline has to examine into the third 
faculty of man co-ordinate with sense and reason, the faculty of 
perceiving the infinite, which is at the root of all religions. In 
German we can distinguish that third faculty by the name of Yer- 

2G5 



MAX MULLER. 

nunft, as opposed to Ver stand, reason, and Sinne, sense — in Eng- 
lish, the faculty of faith. 

Professor Muller defines religion as the perception of the in- 
finite. 

"Religion is a mental faculty which independent of — nay, in 
spite of — sense and reason enables man to apprehend the infinite 
under different names and under varying disguises. Without 
that faculty, no religion, not even the lowest worship of idols and 
fetishes, would be possible ; and if we will but listen attentively, 
we can hear in all religions a groaning of the spirit, a struggle 
to conceive the inconceivable, to utter the unutterable, a longing 
after the Infinite, a love of God." 



Let each believer bring down with him what he values most — 
his own pearl of great price. 

The Hindu his innate disbelief in this world, his unhesitating 
belief in another world. 

The Buddhist his perception of an eternal law, his submission 
to it, his gentleness, his pity. 

The Mohammedan, if nothing else, at least his sobriety. 

The Jew his clinging through good and evil days to the One 
God who loveth righteousness and whose name is " I am." 

The Christian that which is better than all . . . love of 
God, call Him what you like, the Infinite, the Invisible, the Im- 
mortal, the Father, the highest Self— manifested in our love of 
man, our love of the living, our love of the dead, our living and 
undying love. 

" While in the Yeda we may study the childhood, we may study 
in Kant's ' Critique of Pure Reason ' the perfect manhood of the 
Aryan mind." 

266 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 
(from the preface to the translation of kaxt's " CRITIQUE," 1881.) 

" In the Veda we see how the Divine appears in the fire and in 
the earthquake, and in the great and strong wind which rends the 
mountain. In Kant's l Critique ' the Divine is heard in the still 
small voice — the Categorical Imperative — the I Ought, which 
nature does not know and cannot teach." 

MAXIMS FROM KANT. 

There is an imperative which, irrespective of every ulterior end 
or aim, commands categorically. 

Act from a maxim at all times fit for law universal. 

" Maintain thyself in the original perfection of thy nature." 

" Study to perfect and advance thy being." 

If there be any virtue, if there be any praise, that study and 
pursue. 

Reverence is due to every man, although deemed hardly worthy 
of our love. 

Humanity is itself a dignity. 

Recognize the dignity of every other man's humanity. 

The making the faults of others the immediate object of one's 
amusement is wickedness. 

Bear, endure the evils of life without complaint. Forbear, 
abstain from its superfluous enjoyments. This is a kind of 
dietetics enabling man to keep himself ethically in health. 

Something must be added to make us taste the sweet amenity 
of life, and which must still be only moral. This is the having a 
serene, gay, and ever-joyous heart. 

All ethical gymnastics consist . . . singly in the subju- 
gating the instincts and appetites of our physical system in order 
that we remain their master in any and all circumstances hazard- 
ous to morality. 

267 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

Father of light and life, thou Good Supreme, 
O teach me what is good ; teach me thyself ! 
Save me from folly, vanity and vice, 
From every low pursuit, and feed my soul 
With knowledge, conscious peace, and virtue pure, 
Sacred, substantial, never-fading bliss. 

Let us do our work as well, 

Both the unseen and the seen ; 
Make the house, where Gods may dwell, 



Beautiful, entire, and clean. 



H. W. Longfelloiv. 



To look up and not down, 

To look forward and not back, 

To look out and not in, and 

To lend a hand. E. E. Hale. 

Who doth right deeds 
Is twice born, and who doeth ill deeds vile. 

Sir Edwin Arnold. 



? Tis the stainless soul within 
That outshines the fairest skin. 



Sir A. Hunt. 



Howe'er it be, it seems to me 

? Tis only noble to be good. 

Alfred Tennyson. 

Love, hope, fear, faith — these make humanity ; 
These are the sign, and note, and character. 

Robert Browning. 

268 




gnp'dfvom Mora, ar/waafy ft* "Jitcali o/Q^t/c. " eo/iywg/d 4/?q<2 ty <S. M S^cat. 



XXV. 
A BALANCE OF FORCES. 

PROF. JOHN STUART BLACKIE, 

Edinburgh, Scotland, 

Professor of Greek in the University of Edinburgh, Author of " Self- 
Culture" etc. 



271 



A BALANCE OF FORCES. 



REASON MUST CONTROL. 




PROFESSOR JOHN STUART BLACKIE, 

of Edinburgh, writes : — 

HAT makes the perfect man ? Of course, that he 
should grow up fully and freely according to his 
type. 

But man is a complex creature. The problem, 
therefore, is, how to adjust the diverse and often 
contrary forces of his compound nature in such fashion 
that they may maintain a perfect balance, each separate 
force performing its function fully without encroaching 
on the domain of any other force. 

This implies subordination. The body, therefore, as the 
instrument, and not as the director, of human action must, 
no doubt, be kept in good condition, as a horse is by a 
good rider, but must never aspire to the mastery. 

The rider in the cavalry service of human life is Reason, 
and Reason has to exercise control over the whole emo- 
tional forces of our nature, the noblest no less than the 
most common. No emotion can direct itself, and all 
extremes are wrong. 

But what are the noble emotions ? They are contained 
in one apostolic word — " Love is the fulfilling of the law." 
Each man in the social system is only a note in the har- 
mony ; and this position only love, combined with intel- 

273 



JOHN STUART BLACKIE. 

ligence and a wise consideration of circumstances, can 
enable him to maintain. 

Add to this a firm will to persist in a reasonable course 
of action once chosen, and a manly courage to assert the 
right in the face of dominant wrong, and you have all that 
is necessary to the perfect type of a well-rounded man. 



Jc^ftZZZffl&e&U 



SUMMARY. 

Reason. 



Firm Will. 
Manly Courage. 

Love 



[A summary of Prof. BlacMe's work on intellectual, physical, 
and moral culture will be found on the following pages.] 

274 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[John Stuart Blackie, Professor of Greek in the University of Edinburgh, 
son of a banker of Aberdeen, was born in 1809, educated in Aberdeen and 
Edinburgh, passed two years in Berlin and Rome, studied Italian, German, and 
classical philology. He held for eleven years the chair of Latin Literature 
in- Aberdeen. Travelled in Greece in 1853. Translated "iEschylus" and 
Goethe's " Faust," published songs of Greece, poems, essays on Plato and 
Homer, and was very popular as a lecturer. His "Four Phases of Morals," 
" Self -Culture," "Wise Men of Greece," and "Wisdom of Goethe," are well 
known.] 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

Of Professor Blackie's most popular book, "Self-Culture," In- 
tellectual, Physical, and Moral, the following partial summary will 
convey an idea. 

INTELLECTUAL CULTURE. 

I. Commence studies as much as possible by direct Observation 
of Facts. " How to Observe " may serve as a motto. Studies that 
cultivate observation are Botany, Zoology, Mineralogy, Geology, 
Chemistry, Architecture, Drawing, and the Fine Arts. 

II. Classification is next. This is the regulative principle of the 
mind 

III. Reasoning comes next, We must not only know that things 
are, but how and why they are. 

IV. Metaphysics are necessary. Take into account always and 
everywhere the absolute, omnipresent, all-plastic Reason. 

V. Imagination must have special culture. Buckle yourself to 
realities, however. Read the life of Alexander the Great or Martin 
Luther, etc. 

VI. JEsthetics ; poetry, painting, music, etc. 

VII. Memory must be cultivated. 

VIII. An important matter is to acquire a polished, pleasant, 
and effective expression. 

275 



JOHN STUART BLACKIE. 

IX. Boohs. Stick to the great original books. In politics, 
Aristotle ; in mathematics, Newton ; in philosophy, Leibnitz ; in 
theology, Cudworth ; in poetry, Shakespeare ; in criticism, Voltaire, 
etc. 

PHYSICAL CULTURE. 

The growth and vigorous condition of every member of the 
body, as in fact of every function of existence in the universe, 
depends on exercise. All lif e is an energizing or a working ; abso- 
lute rest is found only in the grave ; the measure of a man's vitality 
is the measure of his working power. 

A well-disciplined will is necessary. All merely physical energies 
in man have a strong tendency to run riot into fever and dissolu- 
tion when divorced from the superintendence of .what Plato called 
Imperial Mind (basilikos nous). 

MORAL CULTURE. 

One thing is needful. Money is not needful, power is not need- 
ful, cleverness is not needful, fame is not needful, liberty is not 
needful, even health is not the one thing needful, but character 
alone. 

1. Obedience is the first virtue. 

2. The next grand virtue is truthfulness. 

3. Never be idle. Start with a deep-seated conviction of the 
earnestness of life. 

4. Avoid narrowness of mind and sympathy. Have more love. 

5. Cultivate reverence ; it is the salt of the soul. " We- live by 
admiration, hope, and love." 

6. Love and reverence are principles of inspiration ; there are 
also regulative principles. Moderation is one of these principles. 
Beware of excess ; outraged nature will have her penalty. 

7. Perseverance is important ; this cannot be omitted. 

8. Let it be engraved into the soul that* there is only one thing 

276 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

that can give significance and dignity to human life — viz., virtuous 
energy, and that this energy is attainable only by energizing. 

9. Fill yonr mind with good maxims and heroic images. Super- 
stitions persons carry amulets on then breasts. Carry yours 
within, etc, etc. 

SOCRATES AND ARISTOTLE. 

From Professor Blackie's lectures before the Royal Institution, 
London, published under the title " Four Phases of Morals/' Soc- 
rates, Aristotle, Christianity, and Utilitarianism, much interesting 
matter bearing on culture might be extracted. 

He says the great ancients made eudaimonia, or happiness, the 
genus, and this happiness one class of men sought to obtain by 
hedone, pleasure, and another class by striving after to agathon, the 
good, and the old Socratic formula, he writes down thus : 

Reason + sentiment = virtue = happiness. 

In Greek ethics Socrates was rather the man of practice, Plato 
the man of literature, Aristotle the man of science. Three great 
works of the latter are mentioned, "Ethics/' "Politics," "Rhet- 
oric." The Greeks seek after wisdom (sopMa) by the exercise of 
logos, reason. Truth is the mean between two extremes ; hence, 
in the conduct of life, the importance of not speaking too much 
truth lest you frighten people, and not speaking too little lest we 
learn altogether to live upon lies : self-esteem should be a mean 
between two extremes. The Aristotelian virtue of great-minded- 
ness is also touched upon. 

FOUR GARDENS. 

In his " Philosophy of Education/' the Professor says there are 
four gardens in which the human plant must be rooted — the fam- 
ily, the school, the university, and the Church. The great thinkers 
recommended to the student are Plato, Aristotle, Spinoza, Hegel, 
and Goethe. 

277 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

Wouldst thou know thyself, observe the actions of others. 
Wouldst thou other men know, look then within thine own heart. 

Schiller. 

Build to-day, then, strong and wise, 

With a firm and ample base, 
And ascending and secure, 

Shall to-morrow find its place. 

H. W. Longfellow. 

G-ood deeds immortal are — they cannot die. 
Unscathed by envious blight, or withering frost, 
They live, and bud, and bloom ; and men partake 
Still of their freshness, and are strong thereby. 

Wm. LJ. Aytoun. 

Who gives himself with his alms feeds three : 
Himself, his hungering neighbor, and me. 

J. B. Lowell. 

Not what we would, but what we must, 

Make up the sum of living. 

B. R. Stoddard. 

The heart is prone to fall away, 

Her high and cherished visions to forget. 

A. H. Clough. 

Oh ! 'tis easy 

To beget great deeds ; but in the rearing of them— 

The threading in cold blood each mean detail, 

And furze-brake of half -pertinent circumstance — 

There lies the self-denial. 

Charles Kingsley. 

278 



XXVI. 

THE RENAISSANCE IDEAL. 

JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS, 

London, England, 
Poet, Historian, Critic, 



279 





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ROBUST CHARACTER. 



THE FORMATION OF SELF. 



MR. JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS, 

author of " The Italian Kenaissance," one of the most eminent 
authorities in matters of culture and criticism, condenses a 
whole volume into the space of one hundred and fifty words. 

fHE Renaissance ideal of manhood implied self-re- 
liant personality and physical vigor. 

Not what a man knew, not moral delicacy, not religions 
sentiment, bnt robnst character, acceptance of the neces- 
sities of life, equanimity about the future, constituted 
manliness. 

This ideal has not been superseded. 

Everything depends on the formation of self — self-sim- 
plification, self-effectuation, " self -reverence, self-knowl- 
edge, self-control." 

Encourage temperance in food, drink, sex. Avoid both 
luxury and ascetic abstinence. Live in the open air. 

Work the body as much as the brain. Scorn money 
worship and money service. 

Learn foreign languages, read only the best authors. 

Think cheap of culture, know that the heart is superior 
to the head. Persons born with special intellectual gifts 

281 



JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS. 



are sure to develop them. The small change of the intel- 
lect does not constitute material greatness. 

Young men should study Walt Whitman and assimilate 
his spirit. 




SUMMARY. 



Languages. 

The Best Authors. 

Self-Knowledge. 



Self-Reverence. 

Self-Effectuation. 

Self-Control. 



Temperance. 
Simplicity. 
Open Air. 
Work the Body. 
Scorn Money Worship. 



The Heart is 
Superior to the Head. 



282 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[John Addingtox Symoxds was born in Bristol, England, October 5, 1840. 
He was educated at Harrow, and Baliol College, Oxford; was elected to a 
fellowship at Magdalen College in 1862. He has written " Introduction to 
the Study of Dante," "Studies of the Greek Poets," "Sketches in Italy and 
Greece," "Renaissance in Italy," "Sketches and Studies in Italy," "Shelley," 
a translation of the " Sonnets of Michael Angelo and Campanella " ; three 
volumes of verse entitled "Many Moods," "New and Old," and "Animi 
Figura," besides "Italian By-ways."] 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

HISTORY OF THE RENAISSANCE. 

There is no finality in human history. It is folly to believe 
that any religious, any social orders, any scientific hypotheses are 
more than provisional, and partially possessed of truth. Let us 
assume that the whole curve of human existence on this planet 
describes a parabola of some twenty millions of years in duration. 
Of this we have already exhausted unreckoned centimes in the 
evolution of prehistoric man, and perhaps five thousand years in 
the ages of historic records. How much of time remains in front ? 
Through that past period of five thousand years preserved for 
purblind retrospect in records, what changes of opinion, what 
peripeties of empire, may we not observe and ponder! How 
many theologies, cosmological conceptions, politics, moralities, 
dominions, ways of living and of looking upon life, have followed 
one upon another ! The space itself is brief ; compared with the 
incalculable longevity of the globe, it is but a bare "scape in 
oblivion." And, however ephemeral the persistence of humanity 
may be in this its earthly dwelling-place, the conscious past sinks 
into insignificance before those aeons of the conscious future, those 
on-coming and out-rolling waves of further evolution which bear 

283 



JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS. 

posterity forward. Think of that curve of possibly twenty million 
years, and of the five thousand years remembered by humanity ! 
How much, how incalculably much longer is the space to be trav- 
ersed than that which we have left behind ! It seems, therefore, our 
truest, as it is our humblest, wisdom to live by faith and love. "And 
now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three • but the greatest of these 
is charity." Love is the greatest ; and against love man has sinned 
most in the short but blood-bedabbled annals of his past. Hope 
is the virtue from which a faithful human being can best afford 
to abstain, unless hope wait as patient handmaid upon faith. 
Faith is the steadying and sustaining force, holding fast by which 
each one of us dares defy change, and gaze with eyes of curious 
contemplation on the tide which brought us, and is carrying, and 
will bear us where we see not. " I know not how I came of you, 
and I know not where I go with you j but I know I came well and 
I shall go well." Man can do no better than live in " eternity's 
sunrise," as Blake put it. To live in the eternal sunrise of God's 
presence, ever rising, not yet risen, which will never reach its me- 
ridian on this globe, seems to be the destiny, as it should also be the 
blessing, of mankind. 

Age succeeds age . . . but the development and intellectual con- 
sciousness has been carried on without cessation. . . . 

History is the epic of humanity. 

" We have learned to look upon it as the biography of man . . . 
we are forced to think of civilized humanity as one. 

" The first stage of civilization is . . . assigned to the Eastern 
empires of remote antiquity ; the second to the Hellenic system of 
civic liberty and intellectual energy ; the third to Roman organiza- 
tion." 

The fourth historical period is occupied by the Church and 
feudalism, the first inheriting Roman organization, the second help- 

284 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

ing to constitute the immigrant races into new nationalities. The 
fifth great epoch is the emancipation of modern Europe from 
mediaeval influences. We may be said to live in it. . . . No new 
social principle or comprehensive system has yet supervened. 

DEMOCRATIC ART. 

Democracy is a fact, the main fact, I repeat it, of out- epoch. It 
is more than a political phenomeuon. It contains the germ of a 
religious enthusiasm. If the modern world is destined to be 
remodelled by Democracy — and in some form or other this must 
happen — then what is applicable to America will in a large meas- 
ure apply to Europe also. We need not accept the postulate that 
Democracy must prove itself beyond cavil by creating intellectual 
types which shall displace all that previously existed. But we 
may believe that Democracy will and ought to produce arts and 
a literature differing in essential points from those of classical 
antiquity and romantic feudalism. We may admit that Graeco- 
Roman and mediaeval ideals are inadequate to the modern, demo- 
cratic, scientific stage upon which humanity has definitely entered. 
We may even be so sanguine as to hope that this new phase of 
development contains an ideality of its own, capable of contribut- 
ing hitherto unapprehended sources of inspiration to the artist. 

Above all things, the middle-class conception of life must be 
transcended. Decency, comfort, sobriety, maintenance of appear- 
ances, gradual progression up a social ladder which is scaled by 
tenths of inches, the chapel or the church, the gig or the barouche, 
the growing balance at one's banker's, the addition of esquire to 
our name, or of a red rosette to our button-hole, the firm resolve to 
keep well abreast with next-door neighbors, if not ahead of them, 
in business and respectability — all these things, which characterize 
the middle-class man wherever he appears, are good in their way. 
It were well that the people should incorporate these virtues. But 

285 



JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS. 

there are corresponding defects in the bourgeoisie which have to be 
steadily rejected — an unwillingness to fraternize, an incapacity for 
comradeship, a habit of looking down on so-called inferiors, a con- 
tempt for hand-labor, a confusion of morality with prejudice and 
formula, a tendency to stifle religion in the gas of dogmas and dis- 
senting shibboleths, an obstinate insensibility to ideas. Snobbery 
and Pharisaism, in one form or another, taint the middle-class to 
its core. Self -righteousness and personal egotism, and ostrich-fear 
corrode it. We need to deliver our souls from these besetting sins, 
and to rise above them into more ethereal atmosphere. The man 
of letters, the artist, who would fain prove himself adequate to 
Democracy in its noblest sense, must emerge from earthy vapors of 
complacent self and artificial circumstances and decaying feudal- 
ism. It is his privilege to be free, and to represent freedom. It 
is his function to find a voice, a mode of utterance, an ideal of 
form, which shall be on a par with nature delivered from unscien- 
tific canons of interpretation, and with mankind delivered from 
obsolescent class distinctions. 

Science, the sister of Democracy, brings man face to face with 
Nature, and with God in Nature. A more ethereal spirituality than 
has yet been dreamed of begins to penetrate our conceptions of 
the universe, of law, of duty, of human rights and destinies. Art 
and literature, if they are to hold their own, must adapt themselves 
to these altered conditions. They must have a faith — not in their 
own excellence as art, and in their several styles and rhythms — but 
in their mission and their power to present the genius of the age, 
its religion and its character, with the same force as the Greek 
sculptors presented paganism, and the Italian painters presented 
mediaeval Catholicity. If they cannot ascend to this endeavor, 
they are lost. 



286 



XXVII. 
MAXIMS FROM EMINENT LIVING CRITICS. 



TAINE— RUSKIN. 

H. TAIXE: — "LECTURES ON ART." 

Greece lias so well worked out its model of the beautiful hu- 
man animal that it has made its idol of it, and glorifies it on 
earth by making' a divinity of it in heaven. Out of this concep- 
tion statuary is born. 

Music is the organ of this over-refined, excessive sensibility 
and vague, boundless aspiration ; it is expressly designed for this 
service, and no art so well performs its task. And this is so be- 
cause, on the one hand, music is founded on a more or less re- 
mote imitation of a cry which is the natural, spontaneous, com- 
plete expression of passion, and which, affecting us through a 
corporeal stimulus, instantly arouses involuntary sympathy, so 
that the tremulous delicacy of every nervous being finds in it its 
impulse, its echo, and its ministrant. 

In regard to the Ideal, it is the heart which speaks ; we then 
think of the vague and beautiful dream by which is expressed 
the deepest sentiment ; we scarcely breathe it in the lowest voice, 
with a kind of subdued enthusiasm ; when we speak of it other- 
wise it is in verse, in a canticle ; we dwell on it reverentially, with 

287 



TAINE. 

clasped hands, as if it concerned happiness, heaven, or love. As 
to ourselves, we shall, as usual, study it as naturalists, that is, 
methodically, analytically, and shall endeavor to realize not an 
ode but a law. 

Let us now consider the physical man with the arts which por- 
tray him, and seek what are for him beneficent characters. The 
first of all, without doubt, is perfect health, even exuberant health. 

The framework, the proportion of members, the fulness of 
chest, the suppleness of articulations and muscular resistance 
necessary to run, jump, carry, strike, combat, and resist effort and 
fatigue. We will give it all these corporeal perfections without 
making the one detrimental to the other ; they shall all exist in 
it in the highest degree, but balanced and harmonious : it is not 
necessary that force should imply weakness, and that in order to 
be developed it should be diminished. This is not yet all. To 
athletic aptitudes and to gymnastic preparation we shall add a 
soul, that is to say, a will, intelligence, and a heart. 

We cannot put them forth prominently ; if we attempted it we 
should injure the perfect body that we desire to represent. For 
spiritual life in man is opposed to corporeal life ; when he is su- 
perior in the former he is inferior or subordinate in the latter ; 
he regards himself as a soul embarrassed with a body, his frame 
becomes an accessory ; in order to think more freely he sacrifices 
it, he shuts it up in a workshop, he lets it shrivel or become re- 
laxed. 



288 



RUSKIX'S RULES OF LIFE. 

(from "fors clavigera.") 

I. I trust in the Lmng God, Father Almighty, Maker of heaven 

and earth, and of all things and creatures visible and in- 
visible. 

I trust in the kindness of His law, and the goodness of His 
work. 

And I will strive to love Him, and keep His law, and see 
His work, while I live. 

II. I trust in the nobleness of human nature, in the majesty of 

its faculties, the fulness of its mercy, and the joy of its love. 
And I will strive to love my neighbor as myself, and, even 
when I cannot, will act as if I did. 

III. I will labor, with such strength and opportunity as God gives 
me, for my own daily bread : and all that my hands find to 
do, I will do with my might. 

IV. I will not deceive, or cause to be deceived, any human being 
for my gain or pleasure ; nor hurt, or cause to be hurt, any 
human being for my gain or pleasure ; nor rob, or cause to- 
be robbed, any human being for my gain or pleasure. 

V. I will not kill nor hurt any living creature needlessly, nor de- 

stroy any beautiful thing, but will strive to save and comfort 
all gentle life, and guard and perfect all natural beauty, upon 
the earth. 

VI. I will strive to raise my own body and soul daily into higher 
powers of duty and happiness ; not in rivalship or conten- 
tion with others, but for the help, delight, and honor of 
others, and for the joy and peace of my own life. 

VII. I will obey all the laws of my country faithfully ; and the 
orders of its monarch, and of all persons appointed to be in 
authority under its monarch, so far as such laws or com- 
mands are consistent with what I suppose to be the law of 

289 



BUSKIN. 

God j and when they are not, or seem in anywise to need 
change, I will oppose them loyally and deliberately, not with 
malicious, concealed, or disorderly violence. 

EDUCATION. 

No true luxury, weaith, or religion is possible to dirty persons ; 
nor is it decent or human to attempt to compass any temporal 
prosperity whatever by the sacrifice of cleanliness. The speedy 
abolition of all abolishable filth is the first process of education ; 
the principles of which I state in the second group of aphorisms 
following. 

All education must be moral first; intellectual secondarily. 
Intellectual before (much more without) moral education is, in 
completeness, impossible ; and in incompleteness, a calamity. 

Moral education begins in making the creature to be educated 
clean and obedient. This must be done thoroughly and at any 
cost, and with any kind of compulsion rendered necessary by the 
nature of the animal, be it dog, child, or man. 

Moral education consists next in making the creature practically 
serviceable to other creatures, according to the nature and extent 
of its own capacities ; taking care that these be healthily devel- 
oped in such service. It may be a question how long, and to 
what extent, boys and girls of fine race may be allowed to run in 
the paddock before they are broken; but assuredly the sooner 
they are put to such work as they are able for, the better. Moral 
education is summed when the creature has been made to do its 
work with delight, and thoroughly ; but this cannot be until some 
degree of intellectual education has been given also. 

Intellectual education consists in giving the creature the facul- 
ties of admiration, hope, and love. 



290 



RUSKIN. 



CIVILIZATION. 



A "civilized nation" in modern Europe consists, in broad 
terms, of (a) a mass of half -taught, discontented, and mostly pen- 
niless populace, calling itself the people ; of (b) a thing which it 
calls a government — meaning an apparatus for collecting and 
spending money; and (c) a small number of capitalists, many of 
them rogues, and most of them stupid persons, who have no idea 
of any object of human existence other than money-making, 
gambling, or champagne-bibbing. A certain quantity of literary 
men, saying anything they can get paid to say, — of clergymen, 
saying anything they have been taught to say, — of natural phi- 
losophers, saying anything that comes into their heads, — and of 
nobility, saying nothing at all, combine in disguising the action, 
and perfecting the disorganization, of the mass ; but with respect 
to practical business, the civilized nation consists broadly of mob, 
money-collecting machine, and capitalist. 

Now when this civilized mob wants to spend money for any 
profitless or mischievous purposes, — fireworks, illuminations, 
battles, driving about from place to place, or what not, — being 
itself penniless, it sets its money-collecting machine to borrow 
the sum needful for these amusements from the civilized capital- 
ist. 



291 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

To live for common ends is to be common : 

The highest faith makes still the highest man ; 

For we grow like the things our souls believe, 

And rise or sink as we aim high or low. 

No mirror shows such likeness of the face 

As faith we live by of the heart and mind. 

We are in very truth that which we love ; 

And love, like noblest deeds, is born of faith. 

The lover and the hero reason not, 

But they believe in what they love and do 

All else is accident — this is the soul 

Of life, and lifts the whole man to itself, 

Like a key-note, which, running through all sounds, 

Upbears them all in perfect harmony. 

Miiller. 

Onward, onward may we press 

Through the path of duty ; 
Virtue is true happiness, 

Excellence true beauty. 
Minds are of celestial birth, 
Make me then a heaven of earth. 

James Montgomery. 

A gentleman is one who understands and shows every mark of 
deference to the claims of self-love in others, and exacts it in return 
from them. — Hazlitt, Table Talk, On the Look of a Gentleman. 

Whene'er a noble deed is wrought, 
Whene'er is spoken a noble thought, 
Our hearts, in glad surprise 
To higher levels rise. H. W. Longfellow. 

292 



XXVIII. 

THOROUGHLY AMERICAN. 

HON. CHARLES A. DANA, 

New York, 
Editor of the New York " Sun." 



293 



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OPTIMISM. 



A TRULY AMERICAN IDEAL. 



MR. CHARLES A. DANA 

writes : — 

?HAT are the qualities essential to the develop- 



x 




ment of the perfect man ? 
^JP^O This is a comprehensive proposition, and the 

4xjv answer must be expressed in generalities rather 
\ ' than details. 

It is evident that the perfect man can only be one who 
has not inherited from his father or mother or remoter 
ancestors any deformity, moral, mental, or physical, or 
any predisposition to idiocy, disease, or vice. 

He must be perfect in bodily constitution, and in eat- 
ing, drinking, sleeping, digestion, circulation, athletic 
strength, and personal beauty. His temper must be se- 
rene, cheerful, and optimistic; his disposition generous, 
magnanimous, and benignant; his tranquillity and pa- 
tience immovable, especially under the attacks of fools ; 
his delicacy of feeling and his unwillingness to crowd 
others even greater than his courage. His mental opera- 
tions must be aggressive, rapid, many-sided, and far- 
reaching. What he knows he must know exactly. His 
reasonings must be logical and sure, and his conclusions 
wise and true. 

To all these gifts he must add imagination and enthu- 
siasm, the faculty that can fuse and transfuse, endowing 



CHARLES A. DANA. 

even monotony and dulness with novelty and splendor. 
He must possess humor and wit ; and of the two humor is 
much the more essential. The individual to whom the 
sense of humor is denied is perhaps the most unhappy 
and lamentable creature in existence. 

Of course the ability to love and be loved must be his. 

So far we have been considering only natural qualities 
and attributes ; but those of education, gymnastics, and 
development are hardly less important. A genius like 
Shakespeare, if untrained, uneducated, unfamiliar with 
the discipline of study and of social life, would be like a 
bird without wings or a steam-engine without fuel. The 
first-rate man must have his powers expanded, compli- 
cated, strengthened, refined, and subtilized by culture. He 
must go deep and wide into the learning, the history, the 
philosophy of men. He must be informed of the ideas, 
the sciences, the theories, the doctrines, the morals, the 
religions that have appeared since mankind took posses- 
sion of the earth ; and this culture must be in his mind, 
not as a dry promiscuous accumulation huddled on 
shelves or in a storehouse, but distinct, vital, well ordered, 
ready for application, whatever the occasion that may arise. 

The perfect man, thus fitted out by nature and by de- 
velopment, will possess a steady faith in the divine order 
of the universe and in the progressive future of human 
society. To these qualifications let us add active and 
companionable habits of life and a steady income of 
$10,000 to $30,000 a year — sufficient for the needs of taste, 
affection, and benevolence — and our description of the 

perfect man would seem to be tolerably complete. 

296 



CHARLES A. DANA. 



Why should not such a man keep his youth, with all 

the faculty of work and enjoyment, up to his hundredth, 

year? 

Yours sincerely, 



Q.Jl^JrZiAA^ 



SUMMARY. 



Sincerity and Optimism. 
Intellect Aggressive, Rapid, 

and Far-reaching. 
Exact Knowledge. 
Logical Reasoning. 
Wise and True Conclusions. 
Imagination and Enthusiasm. 
Wit and Humor. 
Wide and Deep Learning. 
Faith in the Divine Order. 

Athletic Strength. 

Gymnastics. 

Patience and Tranquillity. 

Active Habits. 

Courage. 

Magnanimity. 
Vigorous Constitution. 

A Large Income. Personal Beauty. 

Long Life. Generous Disposition. 

Delicacy of Feeling. 

Unwillingness to Crowd Others. 

Ability to Love 
and to be Loved. 

Taste. 

Affection. 

Benevolence. 

COxMPANIONABLE HABITS. 

297 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Charles Anderson Dana was bom in Hinsdale, N. H. , August 8, 1819. 
He studied at Harvard College, and from 1842 to 1844 was a member of the 
©rook Farm community. He was one of the editors of the Harbinger from 
1844 to 1847, after which he was connected with the New York Tribune until 
1861 ; was assistant Secretary of War from 1863 to 1865, editor of the Chicago 
Republican from 1866 to 1867, and in the latter year organized the stock com- 
pany that now owns the Sun, and became its editor, a position which he still 
retains. Mr. Dana's first book was a volume of stories translated from the 
German, entitled " The Black Art," in 1848. With George Ripley he edited 
" Appleton's American Cyclopedia " in 1855 ; with Gen. J. H. Wilson he wrote 
a " Life of Ulysses S. Grant " in 1868 ; his " Household Book of Poetry " ap- 
peared in 1857, and in 1883 he edited on the Rossiter Johnson "Fifty Perfect 
Poems."] 



OF THE NEWSPAPER, C. A. DANA SAYS: 

It is as necessary for it to have intrinsic merit as it is requisite 
that a work of art should have beauty, or be a true revelation of 
nature, in order to command critical approval and enduring emi- 
nence. To secure parallel consideration, a newspaper must be 
conducted on the principles which underlie all real art ; it must 
get its reward from the singleness of its effort to attain a purely 
ideal end. Their conductors are under no oath of office and no 
formal bonds for the faithful performance of their public duties ; 
but they are bound by a sense of obligation which is oftentimes 
religious in its elevation. Their function has a sacerdotal char- 
acter, and their vows of fidelity must be made to God and not to 
men. 



298 



XXIX. 

FROM AMERICAN AUTHORS. 

ARLO BATES, 

Boston, Mass., 
Author and Editor. 

N. K. ROYSE, 

Cincinnati, Ohio, 
Author and Critic. 

ALBERT ROSS, 

New York, 
Novelist. 



299 



REASON AND WILL. 



INDIVIDUALISM. 



ARLO BATES, 




the author of "The Pagans," "The Philistines," and "The 
Puritans," writes: — 



T seems not unfair to assume that the perfect 
man, if he ever appear, will be the consummate 
flower of individualism ; that he will understand 
that for a human being the highest possible theory is his 
individual reason, and the highest possible law is his 
individual will; his reason, of course, developed to its 
greatest capacity, and his will not in the mood of its tran- 
sient phases, but in its essential and ultimate expression. 
The perfect man is not necessarily one who possesses 
every possible human talent, but one who perfectly pos- 
sesses himself. 

Very truly yours, 



JrfC>.73a/£r 



SUMMARY 

Individual Reason. • 



Individual Will. 
Perfect Self-possession. 
301 



PLAIN TALK TO YOUNG MEN. 



WHAT IS GENIUS? 




MR. N. K. ROYSE, 

author of " A Study of Genius," writes : — 

1 Y finite mind cannot conceive of " perfect man- 
hood." Probably the nearest approximations I 
have ever known or heard of were those few 
persons who have dared to live up to their su- 
preme convictions of life's obligations. And yet even 
these exceptional persons, who did the very best they knew 
how to do, owing, in one instance, to a natural shortness 
or obliquity of mental vision, in another to unhealthful 
bodily condition, and in a third to some extreme element 
in their moral or religious training, have, almost without 
exception, fallen short of the highest conceivable stature 
of " perfect manhood." 

My " ideal," therefore, of a perfect man is one who em- 
bodies the highest degree of health, strength and activity 
as regards each of the three essential constituents of hu- 
man nature — mind, body, and soul. Physically, he must 
be the artist's and the physician's model; mentally he 
must not only be able to perceive all things, but also to 
see through them ; and morally he must be a Luther at 
"Worms. 

The " best types " of such a man are, as found in his- 
tory, the very generally despised and persecuted minority, 

302 



N. K. ROYSE. 

whether in secular or spiritual affairs ; and, as existing to- 
day, those who conform in the fewest points to the general 
standards and usages of society. 

My own " ideal of culture " is the simultaneous and im- 
partial development of all the faculties — mental, physical, 
and moral — of the human organism. Society's ideal 
would seem to be incarnated in the typical college athlete 
or minstrel. 

" The higher development of man " must necessitate 
greater liberality of mind, ampler kindliness of heart, and 
increased earnestness and consistency of character. 

" The cardinal points to be insisted upon for the all- 
around development of the coming man " are breeding and 
training of the physical, the mental, and the moral man, 
similar in painstaking and skill to those now and long 
since bestowed upon blooded stock. And yet, after all, so 
contrary to all reasonable expectations are the issues of 
life — at least human life — that your genius is quite as apt 
to make her advent, as Shakespeare has phrased it, "in 
smoky cribs." 

It is infinitely easier to forecast the horoscope of a new 
planet than that of a new genius. 

" The points to be urged for the awakening of the higher 
intelligence of the young American " are : the inculcation 
of some — at least — respect for seniors. We should be in- 
clined to include parents under this term had they not so 
generally forfeited the desert by their culpable indifference 
to, if not criminal connivance in, young America's noto- 
rious ill-mannerliness. The exchanging of places between 
ears and tongue. Finally, the turning of himself upside 

303 



N. K. ROYSE. 

down and inside out, and so emptying and ridding him- 
self of every reminiscence of the typical young American 
of to-day. 

" The best counsel for the young man of to-day " is to 
look backward at least one-half of the time. Have the 
courage to be called and to deserve to be called honest. 

The finest quality in human nature is philanthropy. 



SUMMARY 



Liberality of Mind. 
Clear-sightedness. 

The Physician's Model. 
Moral Earnestness. 
Character. 
Honesty. 



The Artist's Model. 



Kindliness of Heart. 
Philanthropy. 



304 



XXX. 

THE STUDY OF HUMAN NATURE. 

JULIAN HAWTHORNE, 

Cambridge, Mass., 
Novelist. 



305 



LEARN HOW TO LIVE. 



THE EMOTIONAL OR AFFECTIONATE SIDE. 



JULIAN HAWTHORNE, 

the eminent novelist, writes : — 

fjjjllERFECT manhood comprises masculinity, physical 
lEr strength and health, clear brain, warm heart, courage, 
firmness. 

I have no specific ideal. 

That is the best type in which good- will toward others 
is spontaneous. 

No innate quality of human nature should be repressed. 
All are good in themselves, and if directed to the welfare 
of others instead of selfishly will vindicate their divine 
origin. 

We can afford to allow the emotional or affectionate side 
of our nature a larger development in comparison with the 
intellectual side than it now possesses. 

Young men should be taught to prepare themselves less 
for competition than for co-operation. 

Let young Americans be told that it is better to learn 
how to live than to succeed in business. 

The best counsel I could give a young man would be to 
do habitually those things which in his higher moments 
he has seen to be good. 

307 



JULIAN HAWTHORNE. 



Unselfconsciousness is the finest quality in human 
nature. 



c/j^ivv^^a^^^vs*-^* 



SUMMARY. 
Clear Brain. 
Unselfconsciousness. 

Masculinity. 

Courage. 

Firmness. 

Execute Suggestions 

of Higher Moments. 
Health. 

Cooperation not 

Competition. 

Learn How to Live, 

Not How to be 

Successful. 

Warm Heart. 

Good Will Towards Others. 

Develop Affections. 



308 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Julian Hawthorne was born in Boston, Mass., June 22, 1846. He studied 
at Harvard University, and at the scientific school in Cambridge. In 1873 
he published "Bressant," and "Idolatry" in 1874. His other works are 
" Saxon Studies," "Garth," "The Laughing Mill," "Archibald Malmaison," 
"Ellice Quentin," "Prince Saroni's Wife," "Yellow Cap," " Sebastian Strome," 
"Fortune's Fool," "Dust," "Noble Blood," and a biography of his father 
and mother.] 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

EXTRACT FROM JULIAN HAWTHORNE'S LIFE OF NATHANIEL 
HAWTHORNE. 

The forefathers of a distinguished man (especially in this country) 
are not of much practical use to him. What he is, outweighs what 
they can contribute. Instead of their augmenting his dignity, his 
own proper lustre is reflected back on them ; and such interest as 
we take in them is for his sake. For his distinction — so far as it 
may have any relation to them at all — seems to be the culmination 
or flower of their prevailing traits and tendencies, added to that 
personal and forming quality in him, without which no mere 
accumulation even of the best material would be of avail. How 
much the material in question may amount to, and of how great 
importance it may be as a factor in the individual's character, is, 
indeed, still undetermined. It is not necessary, here, to enter upon 
a discussion of the merits of the theory of Heredity ; but we may, 
perhaps, assume that faults and frailties are more readily and per- 
sistently reproduced than virtues, — since the former belong to a 
man's nature, as distinguished from that self -affected modification 
of his nature, which we call character. A tendency to drunkenness, 
for example, or to pocket-picking, is more easily traced in a man's 
ancestry than a tendency to love one's neighbor as one's self, or to 
feel as charitably disposed towards those who injure us as towards 
those who injure our enemies. In other words, nature is passive, 

309 



JULIAN HAWTHORNE. 

and character is active ; and activity is more apt than passivity to 
be original, or peculiar. 

It might seem an ungracious task, however, to analyze this great 
reservoir of ancestry with a view to reveal the imperfections of an 
individual. If a man contrives to get through life respectably and 
honorably, why ferret out the weaknesses which he strove to con- 
ceal ? Would not vice be encouraged by the knowledge that even 
the greatest figures of history partook of its infirmity ? The 
present writer, for his own part, confesses to feeling no sympathy 
with those who answer these questions in the affirmative. If it be 
true that human nature is evil, we shall gain nothing by blinking 
the fact. If the truth be humiliating, so much the wholesomer 
for us who are humiliated 5 the complacency born of ignorance of 
— and still more of ignoring — that which exists, can have in it no 
health or permanence. Sooner or later it will be overthrown, and 
then, the greater the security has been, the more disastrous will be 
the catastrophe. We are too apt to forget that intellectual emi- 
nence can exist side by side with moral frailty or depravity ; and 
we are prone to infer that because a man does right, he has felt 
no temptation to do wrong. But, in reality, the beauty, the pathos, 
and the power of the spectacle of humanity lies in the fact that it 
is a spectacle of a mortal struggle between two eternal forces, — a 
struggle more or less stubbornly and conspicuously maintained, 
but common and inevitable to every one of us. The greatest men, 
so far as we know anything about them, have not been those who 
were virtuous without effort. Ever since Christ was tempted in 
the wilderness, and prayed that the cup might pass from him, and 
accused God of forsaking him, character has been, not innate, but 
the issue of this endless conflict between the desire of good and the 
tendency to evil ; and its strength has been in proportion to the 
weight of the tendency as well as to the intensity of the desire. 
Indeed, the desire can be intense only in so far as the tendency is 

310 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 

weighty. The imminence of peril creates the faculty to analyze 
and overcome it. If Christ was greater than other men, it was 
not because he did right more easily than they, but, on the con- 
trary, because he resisted in his own person the tendencies to evil 
of the whole human race. Good men are not monsters: they 
know, better than others, what it means to be human. No doubt r 
we seldom have an opportunity to perceive the painful and labor- 
ing steps by which goodness or greatness is achieved ; only the 
result comes into our range of vision. The reason is, that strength 
is silent and calm, and has the reserve and humility of a conqueror 
who knows the cost of victory, and how precarious and incomplete 
the victory is. It cannot talk about itself ; it cannot find anything 
in itself worth talking about. Looking at itself from within, as it 
were, it sees only its negative aspect. None the less it is well for 
outsiders to investigate the processes of the growth and develop- 
ment of heroes, not in order to console ourselves for our short- 
comings, but to gain encouragement from the discovery that human 
weakness is the very essence and occasion of human strength. 



311 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

Behold, we know not anything j 
I can but trust that good shall fall 
At last — far off — at last, to all, 
And every winter change to spring. 

So runs my dream : but what am I ? 
An infant crying in the night ; 
An infant crying for the light ; 
And with no language but a cry. 

Alfred Tennyson. 

What thou thinkest, belongs to all j what thou f eel'st is thine only. 
Wouldst thou make him thine own, feel thou the God whom thou 
think'st. Schiller. 

Labor is rest from the sorrows that greet us, 
Rest from all petty vexations that meet us, 
Rest from sin promptings that ever entreat us 

Work for some good, be it ever so slowly ; 

Cherish some flower, be it ever so lowly j 

Labor — all labor is noble and holy. 

Frances 8. Osgood. 

Wings for the angels, but feet for men ; 

We may borrow the wings to find the way, 

We may hope and resolve and aspire and pray, 

But our feet must rise or we fall again. 

J. O. Holland. 

Build on, and make thy castles high and fair, 
Rising and reaching upward to the skies ; 

Listen to voices in the upper air. 

H. W. Longfellow. 
312 



XXXI. 

LIVING WORDS FROM GREAT PREACHERS. 



CUYLER, TALMAGE. 

THEODORE L. CUYLER, D.D. :— pointed papers. 

All the men and women who have made their mark in this 
world and have achieved the best results have kept the eye clear 
and single toward one noble purpose. 

When a man gets used to falling he is ruined. 

The stairways of temptation are very numerous. 

Your daily battle will be with the sins that most easily beset 
you. 

The most tremendous word in the English language is the 
short yet mighty no. 

THOUGHT-HIVES. 

The prevailing sin of the day is self-indulgence. 

Give up whatever tends to pamper the passions or to kindle un- 
holy desires. 

All the grandest enterprises of benevolence and all the most 
stupendous crimes were once only invisible phantoms in some 
man's or woman's busy brain. 

One of the highest of spiritual luxuries is the enjoyment of 
pure and exhilarating and sublime thoughts. 

313 



THEODORE L. CUYLER. 

At the very moment when a wicked thought is born is the right 
time to destroy it. 

A noble career depends on the treatment given to the infant 
ideas that are born in the soul. 

Learning and eloquence — getting the truth and giving the 
truths — are the two most attainable possessions for every healthy 
mind. 

RIGHT TO THE POINT. 

Nothing tends more to the elevation of character than to have 
a high ideal. 

There must be higher longing before there is attempt at higher 
living. 

The essential of purity of the heart is to keep the evil out. 

No more decisive influence can be brought to bear upon any 
age, or any community, than the employment of its highest intel- 
lect for truth or for error — for God and the right, or for the 
devil's wrong. 

Intellect ennobled, purified, heaven-directed, is the universal 
power to build up. 

Intellect perverted, corrupted, sin-directed, is the most terrible 
of agencies to pull down and destroy. 

Kind words are the oil that lubricates every-day intercourse. 

Existence on earth is too short to be wasted in play ; but it 
must not be made shorter by unremitting toil. 

The thoughts which nestle within us, and issue from us in lan- 
guage and in act, determine our moral character. 

MOTHER, HOME, AND HEAVEN. 

The home rules the nation. If the home is demoralized, it will 
ruin it. ... As a citizen of Brooklyn, I am proud of the 
fact that in our chief public park there stands a monument to 

314 



T. DE WITT TALMAGE. 

the author of " Home, sweet Home." Those immortal lines have 
made delicious music by many an humble fireside. They have 
inspired encouragement under many a lowly roof. But Howard 
Payne struck a deeper truth than he may have intended when he 
wrote, " There is no place like home." This applies to something 
more enduring than the heart's attachment to the spot which 
sheltered our childhood. For all our after-lives and our eternal 
destinies — for shaping the character, forming the habits, deter- 
mining the choice for good or evil, and for the salvation or ruin 
of the soul, " there is no place like home." Nothing is so danger- 
ous and damning as a bad home. Nothing is so effective in fit- 
ting us for usefulness here and for heaven hereafter as a pure, 
happy Christ-lighted home. 

MAXIMS FROM TALMAGE. 

Now, the first thing for one to do is, to take care of his or her 
own heart. 

Debt ! there is no worse demoralizer of character. 

Suavity is an art that we all need to cultivate. 

It pays to be gentleman or lady. 

The mere starting gives no security. 

Let there be no room in all your house for jealousy. 

Many make a failure in the drama of life through indolence. 

Contentment is something you can neither rent nor purchase. 

There is a tremendous power in a kind word. 

A man is no better than the pictures he loves to look at. 

If your eyes are not pure your heart cannot be. 

CRUMBS SWEPT UP. 

Too much hobby-riding belittles the mind, distorts the truth, 
and cripples influence. 

315 



T. DE WITT TALMAGE. 

All our faculties were made for use. 

Fretfuluess will kill anything that is not in its nature im- 
mortal. 

Our disposition is much of our own making. 

Our happiness and success depend on being where we belong. 

SHOTS AT SUNDRY TARGETS. 

The destruction of a man's name is worse than the destruction 
of his life. 

Equip yourself from all sources. 

The good must go up, and the bad mus„ go down. 

Moral courage is of all qualities most rare. 

In this great battle that is opening against the kingdom of 
darkness, we want not only a consecrated soul, but a strong arm 
and stout lungs and mighty muscle. 

The wisdom of cessation from hard labor one day out of seven 
is almost universally acknowledged. 

When a young man loses his reputation for sobriety, he might 
as well be at the bottom of the sea. 

A pure work of fiction is history and poetry combined. 

You cannot afford to read a bad book, however good you are. 

Life is to me a rapture. 

The world is a rose, and the universe a garland. 

The arm of toil is the only arm strong enough to bring up the 
bucket out of the well of pleasure. 

Amusement is only the bower where business and philanthropy 
rest while on their way to stirring achievements. 

A man who does not work does not know how to play. 

Any amusement that gives you a distaste for domestic life is 
bad. 

Light up all your homes with innocent hilarities. 

316 



XXXII. 

FROM AN EMINENT AMERICAN. 

JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, 

Cambridge, Mass., 

Author, Poet, Critic, formerly Professor Harvard University, late 
United States Minister to Spain and to the Court of St. James. 



319 



ELEVATION OF MIND. 



DANTE RECOMMENDED. 



Mr. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL 

was visited at his home a short time before his death. 
Being ill, he begged to be excused from writing. In a conver- 
sation, he said : — 

|LL young men should have an ideal; something 

WL beyond, above, beside themselves." 

Taking up a copy of Boswell's Johnson, he read the 
following passage, which he said should be written in 
letters of gold: — 

" ' Whatever withdraws us from the power of our 
senses, whatever makes the past, the distant, or the fu- 
ture predominate over the present, advances us in the 
dignity of thinking beings.' 

" I recommend to the young man the study of Dante," 
he added further. " This will elevate him. This will 
keep him out of the mud." 

Mr. Lowell spoke particularly of the closing of the 
"Paradise." Dante is throughout high-minded; he has 
a scorn of everything mean and low." 




SUMMARY. 

An Ideal. 



HlGHMINDEDNESS. 

321 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

[James Russell Lowell, son of the Rev. Charles Lowell, was born in 
Cambridge, Mass., February 22, 1819. He graduated from Harvard in 1838, 
studied law, received the degree of LL.B., and was admitted to the bar in 
1810. His first volume of poems, "A Year's Life," was published in 1841. 
The "Biglow Papers" appeared in the Boston Courier in 1846-1848. In 
1844 he published "A Legend of Brittany," in 1845, "The Vision of Sir 
Launfal," and "Conversations with Some of the Old Poets." In 1855 he was 
appointed professor of languages and belles-letters at Harvard University ; 
in 1857, became editor of the Atlantic Monthly, and in 1863, joint editor of 
the North American Review. His works include "Among my Books," "My 
Study Windows," " Democracy and other Addresses," "Life of Keats," 
and "Under the Willows, and other Poems." In 1877 Mr. Lowell was ap- 
pointed United States Minister to Spain, and three years later was transferred 
to the Court of St. James, where he remained until 1885. He was first mar- 
ried in 1844 to Miss Maria White, a poetess, who died in 1853 ; four years later 
he married Miss Frances Dunlap, who died in 1885. The degree of D.C.L. 
was conferred upon Mr. Lowell by the University of Oxford in 1873, and that 
of LL.D. by the University of Cambridge, England, in 1874. He died at 
Cambridge, Mass., August 12, 1891.] 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

In the address to the Wordsworth Society, 1884, he says : 
" G-oethe taught the self -culture that results in self -possession 
in breadth and impartiality of view, and in equipoise of mind; 
Wordsworth inculcated that self -development through intercourse 
with man and nature which leads to self-sufficingness, self-sustain- 
ment, and equilibrium of character. 

"The thought of a god vaguely and vaporously dispersed 
throughout the visible creation, the conjecture of an animating 
principle that gives to the sunset its splendor, the passion to the 
storm, to cloud and to wind their sympathy of form and move- 
ment, that sustains the faith of the crag in its forlorn endurance, 
and of the harebell in the slender security of its stem, may inspire 
or soothe, console or fortify, the man whose physical and mental 

322 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

fibre is so sensitive . . . that it can feel . . . those internal 
vibrations of identity between the fragmentary life that is in him- 
self and the larger life of the universe whereof he is a particle. 

" Religion, however, is the mother of Form and Fear. In ' the 
snblimest reach to which poetry has risen/ the conclusion of the 
Paradiso, Dante tells us that . . . within the rings of power, wis- 
dom, love, one sees the image of man." 



FROM AN AFTER-DE\XER SPEECH DEFEXDEnG THE PURITAN FATHERS. 

" The worst kind of religion is no religion at all, and these men 
living in ease and luxury, indulging themselves in the amusement 
of going without religion, may be thankful that they live in lands 
where the gospel they neglect has tamed the beastliness and fe- 
rocity of the men who, but for Christianity, might long ago have 
eaten their carcasses like the South Sea Islanders. 

•• I fear that when we indulge ourselves in the amusement of 
going without a religion. Ave are not, perhaps, aware how much we 
are sustained at present by an enormous mass all about us of 
religious feeling and religious convictions ; so that, Avhatever it 
may be safe for us to think — for us who have had great advantages. 
and have been brought up in such a way that a certain moral 
direction has been given to our character — I do not know what 
would become of the less favored classes of mankind if they under- 
took to play the same game."' 

FROM THE POEM OX GARRISOX. 

In a small chamber, friendless and unseen, 

Toiled o'er his types one poor, unlearned young man ; 

The place was dark, unfurnitured, and mean ; — 
Yet there the freedom of a race began. 
323 



JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 

Help came but slowfy ; surely no man yet 
Put lever to the heavy world with less : 

What need of help ? He knew how types were set, 
He had a dauntless spirit, and a press. 

Such earnest natures are the fiery pith ? 

The compact nucleus, round which systems grow ! 
Mass after mass becomes inspired therewith, 

And whirls impregnate with the central glow. 



"Who is it will not dare himself to trust? 

Who is it hath not strength to stand alone ? 
Who is it thwarts and bilks the inward Must ? 

He and his works, like sand, from earth are blown. 

Men of a thousand shifts and wiles, look here ! 

See on straightforward conscience put in pawn 
To win a world ; see the obedient sphere 

By bravery's simple gravitation drawn ! 

Shall we not heed the lesson taught of old, 
And by the Present's lips repeated still, 

In our own single manhood to be bold, 

Fortressed in conscience and impregnable will t 

We stride the river daily at its spring, 

Nor, in our childish thoughtlessness foresee 

What myriad vassal streams shall tribute bring, 
How like an equal it shall greet the sea. 

The hope of Truth grows stronger, day by day j 
I hear the soul of Man around me waking. 



324 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

And every hour new signs of promise tell, 
That the great sonl shall once again be free, 

For high, and yet more high, the murmurs swell 
Of inward strife for truth and liberty. 

FROM "THE BEGGAR." 

A little of thy steadfastness, 

Old oak, give me, 

Some of thy stern, unyielding might 

Give me, old granite gray. 

Some of thy pensiveness serene, 
sweetly mournful pine ; 
A little of thy merriment, 
Of thy sparkling, light content, 
Give me, my cheerful brook. 

Heaven help me ! How could I forget 
To beg of thee, dear violet ? 
Some of thy modesty 
O give to strengthen me. 

Each day the world is born anew 

For him who takes it rightly ; 
Not fresher that which Adam knew, 
Not sweeter that whose moonlit dew 

Entranced Arcadia nightly. 

Beauty, Herr Doctor, trust in me, 

No chemistry will win you. 
Charis still rises from the sea ; 
If you can't find her might it be 

Because you seek within you ? 
325 



JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 

New occasions teach new duties ; 

Time makes ancient good uncouth. 
They must upward still and onward 

Who would keep abreast of truth. 

Ah ! let us hope that to our praise 

Good God not only reckons 
The moments when we tread his ways, 

But when his Spirit beckons, — 
That some slight good is also wrought 

Beyond self-satisfaction 
"When we are simply good in thought, 

Howe'er we fail in action. 

Where'er a human spirit strives 

After a life more true and fair, 

There is the true man's birth-place grand, 

His is a world-wide fatherland ! 

Great truths are portions of the soul of man ; 

Great souls are portions of eternity ; 
Each drop of blood that e'er through true heart ran 

With lofty message, ran for thee and me ; 
For God's law, since the starry song began, 

Hath been, and still for evermore must be, 
That every deed which shall outlast Time's span 

Must goad the soul to be erect and free ; 
Slave is no word of deathless lineage sprung, — 

Too many noble souls have thought and died, 
Too many mighty poets lived and sung. 



326 



XXXIII. 

THE BEST FOUNDERS. 

MR. JAMES PARTON, 

Newburyport, Mass., 
Author, Editor, Historian, Biographer. 



327 



ACT FROM PRINCIPLE. 



BRING UP THE COUNTRY TO THE IDEAL OF ITS BEST FOUNDERS. 



MR. JAMES PARTON 

writes : — 

JH HE perfect man, if there were such a creature, would 
possess the health, vigor, and courage of the perfect 
animal, plus a full measure of the qualities peculiar to the 
human being. 

One of these, and perhaps the chief, is the power of act- 
ing from principle, whether it makes for or against our 
immediate interest. 

Another human trait is intelligent forethought, or the 
power of working out a deliberately formed plan, and sac- 
rificing present ease and pleasure to a distant, but dis- 
tinctly seen object. 

Self-control, in all its manifestations, is an eminently 
human characteristic, but jDarticularly when it is exercised 
from a virtuous motive, as in suppressing anger, resent- 
ment, hatred, greed, and sensuality. 

One of the best and most essentiaUy human of all traits 
is public spirit, which makes a man a progressive and 
reforming citizen, one who feels a stain upon his native 
place or an injury to its welfare more acutely than almost 
any disaster that could befall himself. 

The perfect man, who should be so happy as to be also 
an American citizen, would deeply love the institutions of 

329 



JAMES PARTON. 

his country, and make it the chief object of his existence 
to bring everything in his country up to the ideal of its 
best founders, particularly Thomas Jefferson and James 
Madison, their wisest and purest interpreters. 

The test of a man, says the old proverb, is a woman. 
Nothing so surely marks the ideal man as the quality of 
his relations with the other sex. If in that essential matter 
his conduct is pure, noble, and just, he must be a very 
creditable specimen of our kind, though not a perfect man. 
It is fortunate there are no perfect men. There could not 
be many of them in so troublesome and difficult a world 
as this, and what few there are would put the rest of us 
terribly out of countenance. 



SUMMARY. 

Intelligent Forethought. 

Courage. 

Self-Control. 

Public Spirit. 

Patriotism. 
Health. 
Vigor. 
Principle. 

Purity. 

Justice. 
330 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[James Partox was born at Canterbury, England, in 1822. He became a 
resident of New York City, and was for a time associate editor of the " Home 
Journal." He has published "Life of Horace Greeley," 1855 ; "Life of Aaron 
Burr," 1857; "Life of Andrew Jackson," 1860; "Life of General Butler," 
1863; "Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin," 1864; "Life of John Jacob 
Astor," 1865; "Famous Americans of Recent Times," 1867; "Life of Thomas 
Jefferson," 1874; "Caricature in all Times and Lands," 1878; "Life of Vol- 
taire," 1881; and he has contributed to the "Atlantic Monthly" and "North 
American Review." He died October 12th, 1891.] 

SELECTIONS FROM HIS WORKS. 



TOPICS OF THE TIME. 

The virtues of maturity are self-conquest and self-control. 

Men must respect themselves, but respect one another also, and, 
along with a proper confidence in their own opinions, have a 
genuine tolerance of those of their neighbors. With an ability to 
convince others, there must be in the people the possibility of 
being convinced, as well as of frankly submitting to a decision 
the most adverse to that for which they had striven. A strong, 
keen, and constant sense of justice must be tempered by a spirit 
of accommodation, an aversion to standing upon trifles, and a 
disposition to welcome a reasonable compromise. 

Nothing is ever seen in this world till the searching eye of a 
sympathetic genius falls upon it. 

This common phrase, " making money/' is a poor, mean way of 
expressing an august and sacred tiling ; for the money which fairly 
comes to us in the way of our vocation is, or ought to be, the 
measure of our worth to the community we serve. Money is the 
representative of all the substantial good that man can bestow on 
man. 

Common honesty demands that a man shall do his best when he 
works for his own price. 

331 



JAMES PARTON. 

Nothing is of great and lasting account — not religion, nor benev- 
olence, nor law, nor science — nntil it is so organized that honest 
and able men can live by it. Then it hires talent, character, 
ambition, wealth, and force to its support and illustration. 

In union there is strength ; and yet, when a thing is to be done, 
one man must do it. 

To err in the service of man is nobler than to be wise for one's 



Human beings are so constituted and related, that among the 
most precious possessions any of us can have is the respect and 
good- will of our community. 

ON HENRY CLAY. 

Perhaps the greatest good fortune that can befall an intelligent 
and noble-minded youth is to come into intimate, confidential 
relations with a wise, learned, and good old man, one who has 
been greatly trusted, and found worthy of trust, who knows the 
world by having long taken a leading part in its affairs, and has 
outlived illusions only to get a firmer footing in realities. 

It is proof positive of a man's essential soundness if he improves 
as he grows old. 

ON DANIEL WEBSTER. 

A new language every ten years, or a new science rigorously 
pursued, seems necessary to preserve the freshness of the under- 
standing, especially when the physical tastes are superabundantly 
nourished. 

ON JOHN RANDOLPH. 

Sudden wealth is itself sufficient to spoil any but the very best 
of men. 

ON JAMES GORDON BENNETT. 

If there are ten bakers in a town, the one that gives the best 
loaf for sixpence is sure at last to sell most bread. 

332 



XXXIV. 

WELL-KNOWN ENGLISH AUTHORS. 



MR. ROBERT BUCHANAN, 

London, England, 
Poet and Novelist. 

A. CONAN DOYLE, M.D., 

London, England, 
Physician and Novelist. 

MR. EDWIN JOHNSON, 

London, England, 
Author of " The Rise of Christendom" 

MR. ALFRED T. STORY. 

London, England, 
Author and Novelist. 

MR. OSWALD CRAWFURD, 

London, England, 
Author a?id Traveler, 



333 



INSIGHT NOT INTELLECT. 




SYMPATHY WITH LIFE. 



MR. ROBERT BUCHANAN, 

the eminent poet and novelist, writes us from London as 
follows : — 

|HAT are the attributes of perfect raanhood? Self- 
reliance, self-knowledge, sympathy. 

What is your ideal f What are the best types ! Christ, 
Mohammed, Lincoln, Walt Whitman. 

What is the best ideal of culture 1 Freedom from all 
prejudices and all dogmas. 

What qualities of mind, heart, energy, or character 
should be cultivated for the higher development of man ? 
Catholicity — the quality of judging character at the root, 
not by the branches. 

What organs, systems, or parts of the* body, features of 
the face or convolutions of the brain ought to be increased 
and what reduced to render man more godlike and less 
brutelike I To answer this would require a volume. 
Briefly, man wants to limit the vagaries of the cerebellum. 

What are the cardinal points to be insisted upon for the 
all-around development of the coming man? Absolute 
honesty of opinion, right or wrong; absolute freedom 
from conventions. 

What points are to be urged for the awakening of the 
higher intelligence of the young American ? To read no 
newspapers, to avoid politics, and to absorb Walt Whit- 
man. 

335 



ROBERT BUCHANAN. 

What is the best counsel for the young man of to-day 1 
Avoid all imitation of European culture. 

What is the finest quality in human nature ? Sympathy 
with life as life. Perception of the truth that insight is 
greater than intellect, and that strength comes from intui- 
tions, not from syllogisms. 

EOBERT BUCHANAN. 



SUMMARY. 

Self-knowledge. 

Catholicity. 

Honest Opinion. 

Insight, Intuition. 

No Vagaries. 

Self-reliance. 

Freedom from Conventions. 

Sympathy. 

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Robert Buchanan was bom August 18, 1841. He was educated at the 
high school and the university of Glasgow. His first work, a volume of poems, 
" Undertones," was published in 1860; in 1865 appeared "Idyls and Legends 
of Inverburn;" "London Poems" and translations of Danish ballads were 
published in 1866. Among his later works are "Napoleon Fallen : a Lyrical 
Drama," in 1871 ; "The Land of Lome; including the Cruise of the Tern to 
the Outer Hebrides " and " The Drama of Kings," in the same year. In 1872 
he made an attack on the poetry of Rossetti and Swinburne, in " The Fleshly 
Schpol of Poetry." A tragedy, "The Witchfinder," and a comedy, "A Mad- 
cap Prince," have been played in London.] 

336 



BROADER CULTURE. 



SYMPATHY WITH ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE. 



A. CONAN DOYLE M.D., 

writes from London : — 

cffjfl SHOULD be proud to join in your symposium 
%• on so important a matter, but I do so with diffi- 




1 




dence, for in the only case in which I have been 
intimately associated with the development of a 
young man, I have not felt so satisfied with the re- 
sult as to feel encouraged to advise others. 

Speaking generally, it seems to me to be an aphorism 
that the best form of culture must always be the broadest 
form of culture, the culture which does not confine itself 
to this or that narrow groove or clique, but leads to a wide 
knowledge of, and sympathy with, all aspects of life. 

The ideal state of culture would be one in which the 
mind would embrace the whole universe, as far as we are 
capable of understanding it, and would respond to every 
change, be it in science, in art, in politics, or any other 
department of human knowledge or experience. 

Life is too short, no doubt, to enable a man to get in 
contact at all points with the facts of existence, but there 
lies the ideal, and the greater the catholicity of sympathy 
the higher the culture. 

To attain a higher development in the future we must 
improve our whole scheme of education, and surely there 
is much room for such improvement. 



A CwtfLyv 7&Z*JuL 



337 



SPEAK THE TRUTH OF EXPERIENCE. 



HUMANISM VS. ECCLESIASTICISM. 




MR. EDWIN JOHNSON, 

, the author of "The Rise of Christendom," writes : — 

fT seems, as we say in England, like "carrying- 

If coals to Newcastle" to write to Americans on 

such a subject. Have not Thoreau and Emerson 

spoken! In America, it is probable, the conditions 

of a fairer human development than has been seen 

for ages in the Old World exists. 

The subject is too large for me. But first, there must 
be the belief in perfect manhood in that relative sense, of 
course, which applies to all things human ; the belief also 
in many types of perfection given, the belief why have we 
no agreement as to the greatest of arts — the art of con- 
duct 1 We are confined between the ecclesiastical and the 
humanist aim, and have been so for the last four hundred 
years. The enslavement of the imagination is the effect 
of ecclesiastical teaching, its emancipation that of the 
humanist. We shall ultimately travel back to the sim- 
plicity of idea and aim that distinguished the education 
of the old Greeks. 

I should name courage and intelligence as chief quali- 
ties. The man who makes light where there was darkness, 
and culture where there was a desert, is a prince among 

his fellows. You will find all the best types in the sculpt- 

338 



EDWIN JOHNSON. 

ure and poetry of the Greeks. They achieved the per- 
fection that is possible to lmmanity because they believed 
in it. 

In these late days, Ralph Waldo Emerson is our master 
because he had a love akin to theirs. We follow him, not 
with servility, but with admiration and confidence. Our 
finest quality ! It is indefinable till we reach self-knowl- 
edge. 

How much attainable perfection is hindered ; how much 
of moral lameness, impotency, caused by the great effort 
to enslave men to transcendental dreams which began with 
our modern culture four hundred years ago. We must 
begin to cultivate the almost lost art of speaking the truth,, 
not of hearsay, but of experience, to our neighbor. 




SUMMARY. 

Freedom of Mind. 

Truths of Experience. 

Simplicity of Aim and Idea. 

Intelligence. 

Self-knowledge. 

Courage. 



339 



THE TWO FRINGES OF SOCIETY. 



A TRUE PICTURE OF LONDON. 



MR. ALFRED T. STORY, 




member of the National Liberal Club of London, and author 
of "A Book of Vagrant Men and Vagrant Thoughts," and 
other works, writes : — 



AM inclined to regard the lack of justice and 
perfect equality as greatly militating against the 
perfection of mankind. When I speak of equal- 
ity I mean equality before the law and in natural condi- 
tions. I hold that whatever man is essentially, or, in 
other words, whatever his soul is, that soul or essential 
part acts through specific functions, and that in the per- 
fection of those functions depends the perfect human be- 
ing. The investigation of brain substance tends more and 
more to prove that abnormal developments of the brain 
always result in abnormal character. 

I believe that the criminal is bred of our one-sided civ- 
ilization, and that such is the condition of society that we 
are retrograding as rapidly on one side as we are advanc- 
ing on the other. Here in Europe we have two marked 
fringes, as I may say, to society. On the one hand a rich 
idle class, which has no healthy stimulus whatever. Its 
young men from their college days run to vice ; it is in 
their blood, bred by luxury and idleness and the lack of 
that intellectual stimulus which comes from the need of 
labor to live. They are let loose upon society early, with 
plenty of money and no proper restraints, either social or 

340 



ALFRED T. STORY. 

moral. To meet them arises a class to feed their vicious 
natures ; the result is idiocy and vice in their illegitimate 
offspring. 

When I say "idiocy" I mean below par in intelli- 
gence. One needs only to know London well to per- 
ceive what an important element this is in our midst, 
making more and more for imperfection. On the other 
hand we have the other fringe I speak of — a large and 
growing mass of society which is brutalized and degraded 
by toil without hope. It is not always productive toil 
either, but toil in search of work, with large masses in a 
state of semi-starvation. This state of things begets the 
brute man as the other begets the idiot man, and they act 
and react upon the more normal part of society with ter- 
rible effect. 

Real justice and equality would rectify these conditions 
to a great extent. In this country, throughout Europe, 
the laws have for ages been made by one class for a so- 
called lower class, and it has taken and will yet take gen- 
erations to rectify them. The presence of injustice (be- 
fore the law), of privilege, and of inequality (in conditions) 
constantly make for imperfection, by breeding strife, un- 
worthy ambition, greed, envy. Greater equality in con- 
ditions and in law would tend greatly to the perfection of 
human beings. In short, to perfect our human society we 
need to inculcate in the young a higher ideal, simpler 
manners, and more thought for the general weal. 



cu^,T^S>i^ 



341 



THE HIGHEST STRENGTH. 



BRAIN, WILL, MUSCLE. 




MR. OSWALD CRAWFURD 

writes : — 

T is not very difficult to set forth " the qualities 
most essential to the development of the perfect 
man." What I doubt is whether to do so, and to 
set up a standard accordingly will advance us much toward 
perfectibility. A man to fit in and hold his own in our 
existing social system should certainly be strong of brain 
and of will and of muscle. As to his intellect, he should 
be able to exert it in all directions. He should reason well 
and observe closely. He should possess wit, fancy, and 
imagination — the artistic faculty and a strong sense of 
humor. He should be good for all kinds of written utter- 
ance, from an epic to an epigram. His spoken utterance 
should comprehend every form of eloquence, from ser- 
mons to repartees. In regard to muscle he should more 
than hold his own in all bodily exercise that beseems a 
man. To come to his will power, he should be strong of 
purpose, and that purpose should of course be based on 
sound ethical considerations. 

As the stress of life gets more and we are beginning to 
perceive more of its complexity, do we not require more 
in a man than a catalogue of the cardinal virtues ? The 
old heroic type is too simple to please us nowadays. We 

want something more human and with more of sympathy 

342 



OSWALD CRAWFURD. 

with our own imperfect natures, so that on the whole one 
may safely recommend a man overburdened with the finer 
faculties and the more laudable virtues aforesaid, and who 
finds that he is developing too rapidly into the perfect 
man, to throw overboard a few — say some half-dozen — 
both of these virtues and fine qualities. The world, the 
critical world, will not esteem him the less. 

OSWALD CKAWFUKD. 



Observe. 
Reason. 
Imagine. 
Write. 



SUMMARY. 



Muscular Power. 
Will Power. 



Ethical Considerations. 



343 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS, 



THE VERITABLE HEDONISM. 



" It is in the center and north of the country that I have chiefly 
heard this extempore singing and seen peasants dancing at their 
. . . village balls and concerts. It is not easy to give the 
reader an idea of the delight which these gatherings afford the 
people, of their gaiety, their quickness, and their ready apprecia- 
tion of a jest, a local allusion, or the neat turning of a phrase. 
The tinkle of the guitar on the night air, the pizzicato of the violin, 
have a marvellous attraction for them, as I have often seen, and 
these simple pleasures seem to be quite enough to redeem the 
monotony of their long, laborious days. They ask nothing better 
of life than such distraction, and in truth rather shame a looker- 
on who may, perhaps, foolishly ambition some hardly attainable 
object, valueless or bitter when he reaches it. For the thorough- 
going Hedonist who with Mr. Pater counts the thrills of pleasur- 
able sensation in life as that which chiefly tells on the right side 
of man's account, the lines of a Portuguese peasant might seem 
to be cast upon not unpleasant times and places." 

The author speaks of their antique " enthusiasm for Peace and 
Plenty, Ceres and her sheaves, Bacchus and his attendant train," 
and " what the Hedonist would count as his chief good fortune is 
that he is blessed with a cheerfulness and a power of enjoying 
simple things which no philosophy that ever was invented can 
bestow." 

A COSMOPOLITAN. 

I have listened to a great deal of profound and complicated 
talk of Aryans and Caucasians and Indo-Europeans, and of course 
as an unprejudiced person I see that there is a great deal in it ; 
but to be frank, an ethnology which teaches me that I am first 
cousin to the mild Hindoo finds me but a cold believer. Better 

344 



OSWALD CRAWFURD. 

at once embrace the whole human race and be that impossible 
being — a citizen of the world. 

All that I can be qnite sure of at present is that I am a Euro- 
pean. That is the world of which I constitute myself a citizen, 
and Europe is bounded for me by the nearest frontiers of Russia 
and of Turkey, for I will admit neither Turks nor Russians into 
my family party. 

With, these limitations I find a sufficient family likeness to my 
self wherever I go in Europe, and Greeks and Italians, Dutchmen, 
Germans, and Frenchmen, Spaniards and Portuguese, are all my 
friends and kinsmen. Their ideas are my ideas, their logic is 
mine. I sympathize with their weaknesses, for I share them, and 
as often as not I agree in their prejudices. 



345 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 



The chiefest action for a man of spirit 

Is never to be out of action. 

Daniel Webster. 

That best portion of a good man's life, 

His little, nameless, unremembered acts 

Of kindness and of love. 

Wordsworth . 

Chameleons feed on light and air — 
Poets' food is love and fame ; 

dare not stain with wealth or power 



A poet's free and heavenly mind. 

If bright chameleons should devour 

Any food but beams and wind, 

They would grow as earthly soon 

As their brother lizards are. 

Children of a sunnier star, 

Spirits from beyond the moon, 

Oh, refuse the boon ! 

Percy B. SheCley. 

If I would have my name endure, 

I'll write it on the hearts of men 

In characters of living light, 

From kindly words and actions wrought ; 

And then, beyond the reach of time, 

Shall live immortal as my thought. 

Horatio Alger. 

Nothing is too late 
Till the tired heart shall cease to palpitate. 

H. W. Longfellow. 
346 



XXXV. 

FRENCH CRITICS WRITE, 

M. EDOUARD ROD, 

Paris, 
Author and Critic. 

M. ARSENE HOUSSAYE, 

Paris, 
Poet, Novelist, and Critic. 

M. HECTOR MALOT, 

Paris, 
Novelist, Author of " No Relations" 



349 



ACTION THE IDEAL 



CALMNESS AND FORCE. 



M. EDOUARD ROD, 

the eminent French critic, writes : — 

EEE are the answers that I have been able to 
make to the questions that yon have done me 
the honor to ask me : 

The attributes of perfect manhood are calmness and 
force. 

My ideal is perfect tranquillity of spirit. 

The best types, morally, are the woman of acute sensi- 
bility and the man of great activity ; physically, the Anglo- 
Saxon type is best. 

My ideal of the cultured man is he who knows many 
things but does not show it. 

The qualities of character that should be cultivated are 
will, sensibility, and sincerity. 

Egoism and vain curiosity must be repressed. 

The cardinal point to be insisted upon for development 
in the coming man is the developing of his muscular sys- 
tem. 

We know too little of America to say what point must 
be urged for awakening the higher intelligence of the 
young American. 

The best counsel for the young man of to-clay is not to 
reflect too much before acting. 

351 



M. EDOUARD ROD. 



The finest quality in human nature is good faith. 
The best book for culture is " The Divine Comedy." 




SUMMARY. 

Calmness. 
Sincerity. 
Good Faith. 
Tranquillity of Spirit. 
Unobtrusive Knowledge. 



Muscle. 

Force. 

Will. 

Great Activity. 

Acute Sensibility. 



M. Rod is inclined to believe that France is on the eve of a 
moral and religious reaction against the skeptical and pessimistic 
doctrines of Renan, Zola, Bourget, and others. He finds the rudi- 
ments of this reaction in the works of Dumas fits, of Brunitiere 
and De Vogue. His conclusions will be found in the Revue Blew 
for May 30, 1891. 

Edouard Rod thus speaks of a brother author : 
" The restraint of a well-bred man, the keenness of a critic, the 
austerity of a moralist, and the enthusiasm of a preacher." 
This in itself is a high ideal of character. 

352 



LOVE. 



ENGLISH GODS AXD GODDESSES. 



M. ARSENE HOUSSAYE, 




poet, critic, and connoisseur, author of many novels and con- 
fessions, occupant of the forty-first fauteuil of the Academy, 
writes : — 



*HAT are the best types ! 

I have said elsewhere that the Olympus of the 
Greeks was an English colony, because in England only 
is discovered the grand character of the pagans, gods and 
goddesses. The proof of it is in the bas-reliefs of the 
Parthenon, where are seen to-day many English figures. 
But it is above all the North Americans who now repre- 
sent the sculptural character of the muses of Homer. 

Another proof of the truth of my paradox on the Eng- 
lish colony in Greece is that all the goddesses of Olympus 
were blondes. 

What is the finest quality in human nature ? 

The most beautiful quality of man and of woman is love 
(bonte). Through it man finds force and woman finds all 
the virtues. Love gives more charm to beauty and more 
grace to the mind {esprit). 

What is my ideal ! 

It is my faith in the future life. The earth is only one 
station of a perpetual voyage in the infinite. Heaven is 
the horizon of great souls. Atheism is the horizon of bad 

353 



M. ARSENE HOUSSAYE. 



consciences. We are only blind in life, but I feel that God 
leads me by the hand as a father leads his child. 

ARSENE HOUSSAYE. 



SUMMARY. 

Faith in Future Life. 



Kindness. 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[ Arsene Houssaye was "born at Bruyeres, March 28, 1815. His first pub- 
lished works were two novels, "La Couronne de Bluets" and "La Pechere- 
use," in 1836. His critical essays on art, and his "Galerie de Portraits des 
XVIIIe Siecle," published in 1844, attracted much attention. Two years 
later he published " Histoire de la Peinture Flamande et Hollandaise." From 
1849 to 1856 he was administrator of the Comedie Francaise ; was decorated 
with the Legion of Honor in 1846, and promoted to be officer in 1858. Mon- 
sieur Houssaye's works are very numerous, and include novels, dramas, 
poetry, and criticism. Among them are "Les Aventures Galantes de Mar- 
got," "Les Onze Maitresses Delaissees," in 1840; "LaVertude Rosine," in 
1844; "La Pantoufle de Cendrillon " and "Le Voyage a ma Fenetre," in 
1851; "Le Voyage a Venise," in 1849; and "L' Histoire du Quarante et 
Unieme Fauteuil de l'Academie Francaise," in 1855. ] 



EXTRACTS. 

To me the book of life is the preface to death. But the pref- 
ace has only one page and the book a thousand. 
Each man has his character and his passion. 
Gold is brutal force ; virtue is divine force. 
In every action of life the body and the soul have their 

conflicts. 

354 



CREATE WHAT WE WANT. 



M. HECTOR MALOT, 




author of " No Eelations " and many novels of a high order, 
writes from Paris : — 



;HERE is a book written in your language which, 
in my opinion, gives the best answer to the 
question that you put on the qualities of the 
"perfect man." This book is "Robinson Crusoe." To 
profit by that which we have, to create that which we have 
not, and to hold our own in face of all and everything 
with a free soul. 

The fault of our education is that it is directed toward 
the intellectual sense rather than toward the moral — to 
cultivate the mind, not to form the character. Yet in life 
we are valued for what we do more than for what we 
know. Now, as that which determines our actions is the 
will, it should be necessary before everything else to find 
a way to give birth to this quality in the child and to de- 
velop it in the young man. 

Unfortunately, it is customary to commence the educa- 
tion of a child by saying to him, " I will teach thee to 
obey," instead of saying to him, " I will teach thee to will." 
And it is thus that the child is weakened instead of being 
strengthened. Also, when the chances of the struggle for 
existence make rivals of an ignorant and a cultured per- 
son, it is that one whom education has not weakened who 
succeeds. 

355 



M. HECTOR MALOT. 

Admissible when obedience was the law of the world — 
obedience to the master, to the prince, to dogmas — this 
system can no longer exist in this time of liberty, where 
the first quality to cultivate to lead man to his highest de- 
velopment is — the will. 

This is why, while waiting until the culture of the will 
shall be put into practice, I think that the book in which 
the child or the young man will find the best counsels is 
in " Eobinson Crusoe ; " he who will learn there that it is 
expedient to consider his life in such a way as 

To profit by what one has, 

To create what one has not, 

And to carry one's self before everything and before all 
souls a free soul, will not be far from possessing the " at- 
tributes of perfect manhood." 

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Hector Henri Malot was born at La Bouille, May 20, 1830. He studied 
at Rouen and at Paris ; wrote for the journals, contributed to the "Biographie 
Generale Didot," and wrote in collaboration several dramas; was dramatic 
critic on the Lloyd Frangais, and edited political pamphlets for a senator. In 
1859 he began to write a series of novels, of which "Les Amants" and "Les 
Victimes" were published during that year, and were followed in 1865 by 
"Les Epoux," and by "Les Enfants" in 1866. Since then he has published, 
among others, "Les Amours de Jacques," in 1860; "Une Bonne Affaire," in 
1870 ; " Un Cure de Province," in 1872 ; " Un Mariage sons le Second Empire," 
in 1873; "Cara," and "Sans Famille," in 1878; the latter having been 
crowned by the French Academy. Later works are "Mere" and "Con- 
science." 

Monsieur Malot is literary critic of V Opinion Nationale, and he is also in- 
terested in the questions of public education relative to physical develop- 
ment."] 

356 



XXXVI. 

FREXCH MAXIMS 



VARIOUS AUTHORS. 

Charity ought to be the justice of the strong" toward the feeble. 

There are no little things, only little minds. 

Domestic joys drive away others without always replacing 
them. 

From men we may only expect humiliation in bad fortune and 
envy in good fortune. 

Of all aristocracies that of poverty is the noblest. 

To devote one ; s self is to lift one's self. 

Souls only live truly by the sentiments they have of the infi- 
nite. 

We are better formed for love than for thought. 

Wisdom. — Man's chief wisdom consists in knowing his follies. 

Will. — We have more power than will ; and it is only to dis- 
culpate us to ourselves that we often think things impracticable. 

Weakness is more opposite to virtue than is vice itself. 
Weakness is the only incorrigible fault men have. 

Understanding. — Politeness of mind consist in a courteous 
and delicate conception. 

Virtue. — Our virtues are commonly disguised vices. 

Self-love, well or ill conducted, constitutes virtue and vice. 

357 



FRENCH MAXIMS. 

Self-love is more artful than the most artful of men. 

Promises. — We promise according to our hopes, and perform 
according to our heart. 

Moderation. — The moderation of happy people is owing to the 
calm that good fortune gives to their temper. 

Knowledge. — To know things well, we should know them in 
detail; and as that is in a manner infinite, our knowledge is 
always superficial and imperfect. 

Heart. — The head is always the dupe of the heart. 

The head cannot long act the part of the heart. 

Grace. — A good grace is to the body what good sense is to the 
mind. 

Gravity is a mysterious carriage of the body, invented to cover 
the defects of the mind. 

Good sense should be the test of all rules, both ancient and 
modern ; whatever is incompatible with good sense is false. 

Goodness. — Nothing is more rare than true goodness : even 
those who imagine they possess it having nothing more than 
complaisance or weakness. 

Fortune and caprice govern the world. 

To be great, we must know how to push our fortune to the 
utmost. 

Eloquence. — True eloquence consists in saying all that is 
proper, and nothing more. 

Avarice is more opposite to economy than liberality. 

Application. — Those who apply themselves too much to little 
things commonly become incapable of great ones. 

Few things are impracticable in themselves ; and it is for want 
of application, rather than of means, that men fail of success. 

Ability. — The height of ability consists in a thorough knowl- 
edge of the real value of things, and of the genius of the age we 
live in. 

358 




A 







■dfvom g>Aota*. cr/ivcMty /ok "Jc/ca& r./^'/c. " (%/iyr,y/,t ,/$<?2 61/ S. -JJ. @7<cat. 



XXXVII. 

MORE THOROUGH TRAINING. 

MR. GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS, 

New York. 
Author, Critic, Editor "Harper's Weekly" 



359 



GREATER ACCURACY AND PRECISION. 



THE TEMPTATION TO SCATTER. 



MR. GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS 

writes : — 



f^ OU send rue a list of distinguished men who have 
JS laid a stone upon your cairn, and I throw on will- 
ingly my little pebble. The American youth 
might well consider the value of more thorough 
▼ mental training, greater accuracy of information, 
more precision of attainment. The temptation under the 
conditions of American life to " scatter " is very great, and 
it prevents the completeness of our intellectual, as it does 
of much of our mechanical, product. A shrewd observer 
once said to me, " The distinction of American tables is 
that they will not stand squarely on their legs, and of 
American bureau-drawers that they will not open." It 
was only a John Bull who said it. but nevertheless it is 
worth while to consider whether it is true of American 

furniture only. 

Truly yours, 



SUM MARY. 

Precision* of Attainment. 
Seek True Encellence. 
361 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[George William Curtis, born in Providence, R. I., February, 1824. 
Was clerk in New York in 1839, at Brookfarm in 1842. In 1846 Mr. Curtis 
went abroad, spending some time in Italy, Germany, Egypt, and Syria. In 
1852 was on the staff of the Tribune and one of the editors Of Putnam's 
Monthly. Soon after he became the leading editorial writer on Hamper's 
Weekly and Harper's Monthly, which position he still holds. An earnest re- 
publican, he has been delegate to various conventions and chairman of many 
committees. He supported Cleveland in 1884. His works are "Nile Notes," 
"Lotus Eating," "Potiphar Papers," " Prue and I," "Trumps," etc.] 



f,(S - — » -"• 



EXTRACTS FROM IJIS WORKS. 

OUR BEST SOCIETY. — FROM " POTIPHAR PAPERS." 

If gilt were only gold, or sugar-candy common sense, what a 
fine thing our society would be ! If to lavish 'money upon objets 
de vertu; to wear the most costly dresses, and always have them 
cut in the height of fashion ; to build houses thirty feet broad as 
if they were palaces, to furnish them with all the luxurious de- 
vices of Parisian genius ; to give superb banquets at which your 
guests laugh and which make you miserable j to drive in a fine 
carriage and ape European liveries and crests and coats-of-arms j 
to resent the friendly advances of your baker's wife and the lady 
of your butcher (you yourself being a cobbler's daughter), and 
talk much of the old families and of your aristocratic foreign 
friends ; to despise labor, to prate of good society ; to travesty 
and parody in every conceivable way a society which we know 
only in books and by the superficial observation of foreign travel, 
which arises out of a social organization entirely unknown to us 
and which is opposed to our fundamental and essential princi- 
ples ; — if all this were fine, what a prodigiously fine society would 
be ours ! . . . 

What makes the best society of men and women ? The noblest 

362 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

specimens of each, of course ; the men who mould the time, who 
refresh our faith in heroism and virtue. . . . The women 
whose beauty and sweetness and dignity and high accomplish- 
ments and grace make us understand the Greek mythology. 

The best society is that in which the virtues are the most shin- 
ing, which is the most charitable, forgiving, long-suffering, mod- 
est, and innocent. 

OX GA3IBLLXG. 

Gambling runs a close race with intemperance for the dishonor 
of being man's greatest curse j but it cannot be legislated away 
or punished out of existence, because human laws and human 
punishments do not change human nature. It will probably 
never be totally eradicated, but it might be greatly lessened and 
its greater evils abated if the intelligence and enterprise and rest- 
lessness in which it has its root could be guided into other and 
nobler channels. When legislators and moral reformers appre- 
ciate this fact and shape their actions accordingly, they may do 
more than simply to change the habit from, one direction to an- 
other. 

OX LOWELL. 

Like mountain summits, bright with sunrise, that announce the 
day, such Americans are harbingers of the future which shall jus- 
tify our faith and fulfil the promise of America to mankind. In 
our splendid statistics of territorial extension, of the swift civili- 
zation of the western world, of the miracles of our material inven- 
tion • in that vast and smiling landscape, the home of a powerful 
and peaceful people, humming with industry and enterprise, rich 
with the charm of every climate from Katahdin, that hears the 
distant roar of the Atlantic, to the Golden Gate, through which 
the soft Pacific sighs, and in every form of visible prosperity, we 
see the resplendent harvest of the mighty sowing, two hundred 

363 



GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. 

years ago, of the new continent with the sifted grain of the old. 
But this is not the picture of a national greatness ; it is only its 
glittering frame. Intellectual excellence, noble character, public 
probity, lofty ideals, art, literature, honest politics, righteous laws, 
conscientious labor, public spirit, social justice, the stern, self- 
criticising patriotism which fosters only what is worthy of an en- 
lightened people, not what is unworthy — such qualities and such 
achievements, and such alone, measure the greatness of a State, 
and those who illustrate them are great citizens. They are men 
whose lives are a glorious service and whose memories are a bene- 
diction. 



364 



XXXVIII. 

JUSTICE— HEALTH 

E. C. STEDMAN, 

New York, 
Banker ■, Poet, Author, Critic. 



365 



BE FAIR AND JUST. 



PUT YOURSELF IN THE OTHER MAX S PLACE. 



MR. E. C. STEDMAN, 

in a conversation, referred to a line of one of the old drama- 
tists, Dekker, in which it is set down in quaint phrase that 
Jesus Christ was the first true gentleman. He further said : — 

§USTICE is a prime quality ; fairness and an instinct 
for putting one's self in the other man's place. A 
gentleman is " considerate." 
Simplicity of character is requisite, I hate affectation. 
He must have health. Health is the foundation of all. 




odk^feL^ 



SUMMARY. 

Health. Justice. 

Gentleness. 
Simplicity. Be Considerate. 



367 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Edmund Clarence Stedman was born in Hartford, Conn., October 8, 
1833. He was educated at Yale, became editor of the Norwich Tribune in 1S52, 
and of the Winsted Herald in 1854 ; two years later he went to New York, con- 
tributed largely to the leading magazines of that city, and finally became a 
journalist. In 1860 he published his first book, " Poems, Lyric and Idyllic. " 
and that same year became war correspondent of the World. Mr. Stedman 
returned to New York in 1864 and became a broker. Among his other works 
are "Alice of Monmouth, an Idyl of the Great War. and Other Poems," 1864; 
'•The Blameless Prince, and Other Poems." 1869; "Victorian Poets," 1875; 
"Poets of America." 1876; "Favorite Poems." 1877: "Hawthorne and Other 
Poems," 1877 ; "Lyrics and Idyls, with Other Poems." 1879. and he has edited 
a '-Library of American Literature." with Miss Hutchinson.] 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WRITINGS. 

. . . Not by word alone. 
But by the plenteous virtues shining out 
Along the zodiac of a good man s life. 

Tell thy friend 
Beside my grave : He did the best he could, 
With earnest spirit polishing the lens 
By which he took the heavens in his ken. 
And through the empyrean sought for God ; 
He caught, or though he caught, from time to time 
Bright glimpses of the Infinite 
That helped him keep a host of troubles down. 

I saw her burning words infuse 
A warmth through many a heart, 

Discoursing like the Lesbian muse 
Of work and song and art. 
368 



SELECTIONS FROM HIS WRITINGS. 

Tall, lithe of form . . . 
Gentle in speech and thought. 

Give us a man of God's own mould. 

We know that in art, as in life, ideal productiveness follows, and 
does not precede, material security and wealth. 

In every department of art, times of energy are divided by times 
of calm. 

All pupils must acknowledge masters at the beginning. 

There is as much human nature in the mansion as in the cottage. 

Active service in any strife, even the most humane, is unrest, 
and therefore hostile to the perfection of art. 

Faith, of some kind, in things as they are or will be, has elevated 
all great works of human creation. The want of it is felt in that 
insincere treatment which weakens the builder's, the painter's, and 
the poet's appeal ; sincere faith leads to rapture and that to exalta- 
tion, — the passiv vera, without which art gains no hold upon the 
senses and the souls of men. 



369 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

Then welcome each rebuff 

That turns earth's smoothness rough, 
Each sting that bids nor sit nor stand, but go ! 

Be our joys three-parts pain ! 

Strive, and hold cheap the strain ; 
Learn, nor account the pang; dare, never grudge the 
throe. Robert Browning. 

Worse than a bloody hand is a hard heart. 

Shelley. 

Kind hearts are more than coronets, 
And simple faith than Norman blood. 

Alfred Tennyson. 

Nothing fails of its end. Out of sight sinks the stone, 
In the deep sea of time, but the circles sweep on, 
Till the low-rippled murmurs along the shores run, 
And the dark and dead waters leap glad in the sun. 

J. G. Whittier. 

Knowledge is the antidote to fear, — 
Knowledge, Use and Reason, with its higher aids. 

E. W. Emerson. 

Thy progression, not thy rest, 

Striving, not attaining, — 
Is the measure and the test 

Of thy hope remaining ; 
Not in gain art thou so blest 

As in conscious gaining. J. K. Lombard. 

Nothing endures but personal qualities. 

Walt JMiitman. 
370 



XXXIX. 

VIEWS OF PROMINENT RUSSIANS. 

VASALI VERESTCHAGIN, 

Moscow, Russia, 
Artist. 

WILLIAM B. NEFTEL, M.D., 

New York, 
Physician, 



371 



MODERATION IN ALL THINGS. 



THE RUSSIAN IDEAL. 



VASAL1 VERESTCHAGIN, 



the eminent artist, traveller, critic, and cosmopolitan, kindty 
wrote for us, just "before his recent illness, the following : — 



'HE attributes of true manhood are these: — The de- 
sire to perfect one's self, the desire to reproduce, the 
desire to abstain from injuring any one. 

The best types of humanity are those that tend most 
to ameliorate themselves. No qualities, even those com- 
monly designated as " bad," ought to be completely sup- 
pressed. None among those called "good" should be 
developed too exclusively. As to exceptional natures, 
geniuses, it is difficult to regulate them, as is found in all 
cases of exceptions. 

In the present state of anthropological science it is diffi- 
cult to say what man will be. The cheeks, the jaws, and 
the teeth could well be smaller, and the height of the head, 
i.e. the cranium, more considerable, the wrists and the 
hands might be smaller, the hair might disappear from 
the body, etc. 

What are the cardinal points to be insisted upon for 
the all-around development of the coming man ! Physical 
and moral development play at cross purposes in our so- 
ciety, and perhaps the principle of moderation in all things 
is the only one upon which with oar youth of tender years 
we can insist. 

373 



VASALI VERESTCHAGIN. 

The points to be urged for the awakening of the higher 
intelligence of the young American is the same as with 
other people, except in regard to the desire to be rich at 
any cost, a desire which already too often obscures the 
remarkable intelligence of the Americans of our day. 

Best counsel to the young man is, " Never do to others 
what you would not have them do to you." 

Finest quality in human nature is pity (misericorde). 




'***+ 



SUMMARY. 

Desire to 
Perfect Self. 

Moderation. 

Paternity. 

Gentleness. 

Pity. 



RUSSIAN VIRTUES. v 

E.B. Lanier, in Fortnightly Review, says: 

u The genuine Russian gentleman and the ideal Russian lady — 
"both exist — are among the noblest specimens of civilized human- 
ity : the refreshing unconventionality of thought and expression, 
graceful simplicity of manner, wonderful delicacy of feeling, gen- 
erous aspirations and noble yearnings — might, if they grew to be 
characteristics of the nation, effect great things." 

374 



IS PROSPERITY A DANGER? 



WE SHOULD BE FAITHFUL TO REPUBLICAN PRINCIPLES AND VIRTUES. 



DR. WILLIAM B. NEFTEL, 

a physician well known in New York both socially and profes- 
sionally, a careful observer of the progress of American civili- 
zation, writes : — 

" %^ 

IjFlpfNE of the strange anomalies of human nature is its 
liability to degenerate morally (and physically) 
under the influence of prosperity, while adversity 
and misfortune often tend to develop character. Per- 
sons of great wealth, living in luxury, are apt to be- 
come selfish, haughty, cruel, and morally weak. It seems 
almost incredible that some citizens of a prosperous re- 
public, under a liberal government, lose those civic virt- 
ues by which their ancestors obtained freedom. On the 
other hand, persons suffering under despotism readily 
sacrifice their fortune and lives in the attempt to secure 
liberty to their fellow-creatures. 

In prosperity there seems to be a lack of the normal 
stimulus indispensable for every physiological function, 
while in adversity there exists a morbid over-stimulation 
which leads to exhaustion. 

A wealthy fashionable lady, on her return from Europe, 
said that she liked monarchical institutions, and wished 
Columbus had never discovered America, forgetting that 
she would have belonged to the poor laboring classes of 
her English ancestors, had it not been for the discovery 

375 



DR. WILLIAM B. NEFTEL. 



of America. This lady expressed the thought of other 
prosperous persons, enthusiastic in their praise of Euro- 
pean courts, who would gladly establish similar institu- 
tions, provided they could belong to the ruling class. 

This anomaly of human nature was the cause of the 
downfall of Greece, Rome, and other republics, and begins 
to threaten the very foundations of the still healthy con- 
stitution of this country. 

The same causes invariably produce the same effects ; 
unless they are removed, the danger must increase in a 
geometrical progression. Prevention is here everything 
and the only thing. 

To counteract this deleterious tendency by the only 
possible remedy — the proper education of youth — it is im- 
perative that in all schools and colleges children and 
young people should be systematically taught to love and 
be faithful to republican principles and virtues, to respect 
productive work, and discountenance ostentation and idle- 
ness. 



M^^Jytez? 



376 



RUSSIAN MAXIMS. 

A good conscience is God's eve. 

A fool shoots ; God guides the bullet. 

He is a fool who avoids the place where he has aforetime broken 
his nose. 

A fox sleeps, but counts hens in his dreams. 

A present is cheap, but love is dear. 

Man carries his superiority inside, animals theirs outside. 

When money speaks, truth keeps silent, 

The morning is wiser than the evening. 

He who is on horseback no longer knows his own father. 

Shame is worse than death. 

Make thyself a sheep, and the wolf is ready. 

The wise man strikes twice against one and the same stone. 

A word is not a bird : if it flies out you will never catch it 
again. 

Whom I love I beat. 

A great head has great care. 

The slower you go the farther you get. 

A good citizen owes his life to Ins country. 

Have patience. Cossack ; thou wilt come to be a hetman. 



MOTTOES:—. 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 



Who loves not Knowledge ? Who shall rail 
Against her beauty ? May she mix 
With men and prosper ! Who shall fix 

Her pillars ? Let her work prevail. 



Alfred Tennyson. 

u What is the real good % " 
I asked in musing mood. 

Order, said the law court ; 

Knowledge, said the school ; 
Truth, said the wise man ; 

Pleasure, said the fool ; 
Love, said the maiden ; 

Beauty, said the page ; 
Freedom, said the dreamer ; 

Home, said the sage ; 
Fame, said the soldier ; 

Equity, the seer ; — 

Spake my heart full sadly : 
"The answer is not here." 

Then within my bosom, 

Softly this I heard : 
" Each heart holds the secret : 

Kindness is the word." 

John Boyle OEeilly. 

Enough and too much of the sect and the name, 
What matters the label so truth be our aim ? 
The creed may be wrong, but the life may be true. 

J. G. WMttier. 

378 



XL. 



WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM 
SPAIN? 

DR. J. M. GUARDIA, 

Paris, France, 
Physician, Author, Spanish Historian, 



379 



THE NEEDS OF SPAIN. 



TRUTH, LIBERTY, AND RIGHT. 



DR. J. M. GUARDIA, 




ktt} 



the greatest living authority on Spanish civilization and char- 
acter, being asked vrhat Spain can do toward perfecting Amer- 
ican manhood, does not send a hopeful reply. He says : — 



HAT is the best Spanish ideal of culture ! 

Spain sends us bull-fighters, adulterated wines, 
W^P anc ^ ^ ne flower of its universities, and stagnates in 
JSp a marasmus. Everywhere cynicism or hypocrisy, 
y False liberalism, retrograding conservatism. Two 
scourges — greedy functionaries, covetous priests. Public 
instruction that is ridiculous, fossil academies. Rhetori- 
cians, sophists, improvisers in plenty. Neither savants 
nor philosophers ; art debased, the language degenerated. 
A literature of imitation or of foreign print. Madrid de- 
vours without producing. Property, commerce, industry 
ruined by taxes ; life swayed by passion ; reason drowsy 
between ignorance and superstition. 

The diathesis will become cachexy if the education of 
the young men does not promptly renew the blood, flesh, 
and nerves of the race. Spain does not know her history. 
The Inquisition, the expulsion of the Jews and of the 
Moors, the foundation of Loyola, the extermination of the 
Protestants, the conquest of America, the government of 
the colonies, the follies and crimes of two fatal dynasties, 
the laxity of morals, the stupid pride, the systematic iso- 
lation, principal causes of her profound misery — this is 

381 



J. M. GUARDIA. 

what the national education should not forget. Spain is 
cruelly expiating her misdeeds. May she renounce fanati- 
cism, sloth, and parasitism ; may she be impassioned for 
truth, liberty, right, in reparation for her faults and for 
time lost. 



SUMMARY. 

Truth. 

Freedom. 
Right. 



[Note. — The three "best Spanish qualities, as we judge from the works of 
Cervantes, Calderon, Velasquez, and Murillo, are loyalty, dignity, and enthu- 
siasm. The study of no civilization is more instructive than that of Spain.] 

382 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Joseph Michel Guardia was born at Alayor, in the island of Minorca, 
January 23, 1830. He went to France in 1843. studied at the Lyceum of 
Montpellier, was Bachelor of Letters in 1818, Bachelor of Sciences in 1849, 
and Licentiate of Letters in 1851. He also attended the course of medical 
lectures at Montpellier. and in 1853 took the degree of Doctor of Medicine ; 
went to Paris, where he received the degree of Doctor of Letters in 1855 ; was 
appointed assistant librarian of the Imperial Academy of Medicine in 1861, 
and was naturalized a Frenchman in 1865. Dr. Guardia has published "De 
Medicina? ortu apud Graecos Progressuque per Philosophian/' 1855; "Etude 
Medico-psychologique sur THistoire de Don Quiehotte," 1858; " De TEtude de 
la Folie," 1S61 ; "Les Kepubliques de l'Ainerique Espagnole," 1862 ; "La Me- 
dicine a Travers les Siecles," 1865, besides others, and various contributions to 
the leading periodicals of Paris.] 



SPANISH MAXIMS. 

If you wish good advice, consult an old man. 
There is no lock but a golden key will open. 
Better to go to bed supperless than to get up in debt. 
The best niirror is an old friend. 
There is no fence against fortune. 
Jest not with the eye, nor with religion. 
"Who lives well sees afar. 

Would you know the value of money, go and borrow some. 
Take heed of an ox before, an ass behind, and a monk on all 
sides. 

He who revealeth his secret maketh himself a slave. 
Truth and oil are ever above. 
Better be unborn than unbred. 
Truth is green. 
The best is cheap. 



383 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

Have you found your life distasteful ? 

My life did, and does, smack sweet. 
Was your youth of pleasure wasteful ? 

Mine I saved and hold complete. 
Do your joys with age diminish ? 

When mine fail me, I'll complain. 
Must in death your daylight finish ? 

My sun sets to rise again. Robert Browning. 

Ever strive for the whole j and if no whole thou canst make 

thee, 
Join, then, thyself to some whole, as a subservient limb ! 

Schiller. 

But beauty hath its homage still 
And Nature holds us still in debt, 

And woman's grace and household skill 
And manhood's toil are honored yet. 

J. G. WJiittier. 

Revere the Maker ; fetch thine eye 
Up to his style and manners of the sky. 

E. W. Emerson. 

Yet the will is free ; 
Strong is the soul, and wise, and beautiful ; 
The seeds of godlike power are in us still ; 
Gods are we, bards, saints, heroes, if we will ! 

Matthew Arnold. 

Are not great 
Men the models of nations ? Owen Meredith. 

384 



XLI. 

AVOID THREATENING DANGERS. 

WALT WHITMAN, 

Camden, New Jersey, 
Editor, Author, Poet. 



387 



THE CIVILIZED WORLD WORKING TOWARD 
THE ANSWER. 



THE DEMOCRATIC POET. 



WALT WHITMAN 

writes from Camden, N. J. : — 

^|§HE answer to such questions ought to be the thoughts 
"%^5 and results of a life time & w'd need a big volume. 
Seems, to me, indeed, the whole varied machinery, intel- 
lect & even emotion, of the civilized universe, these years 
are working toward the answer. (My own books, poems 
& prose, have been a direct & indirect attempt at contri- 
bution.) No doubt what will be sent you will be salutary 
& valuable, &: all fit in. Though the constituents of " per- 
fect manhood " are much the same all lands & times, they 
will always be shifted & graduated a good deal by condi- 
tions, and especially by the United States. Then I sh'd 
say with emphasis, we c'd not have (all things considered) 
any better chances than mainly exist in these States to- 
day — common education, general inquiry, freedom, the 
press, Christianity, travel, &c, &c. But perhaps I may 
vary and help by growling a little, as follows: — For one 
thing out of many, the tendency in this Commonwealth 
seems to favor & call for & breed specially smart men. To 
describe it (for reasons) extra sharply I sh'd say we New 
W r orlders are in danger of turning out the trickiest, slyest, 
'cutest, most cheating people that ever lived. These quali- 
ties are getting radically in our business, politics, litera- 

381) 



WALT WHITMAN. 

ture, manners, and filtering in onr essential character. 
All the great cities exhibit them — probably New York 
most of all. They taint the splendid and healthy Ameri- 
can qualities, & had better be well understood like a 
threatening danger, & confronted & provided against. 



SUMMARY 

Common Education. 
Avoid Trickery. 
Christianity. 



Observation. 

Travel. 

Freedom. 



390 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Walter Whitman was born in West Hills, Long Island, N. Y., May 31. 
1819. He was educated in the public schools of Brooklyn and New York 
City ; was teacher and editor ; wrote " Leaves of Grass " in 1855 ; was army 
nurse from 1862 to 1865; published "Drum-Taps" in 1865, and "Memoranda 
during the War "in 1867. In 1870 he published a volume of prose essays 
called "Democratic Vistas." From 1865 to 1874 he held a government clerk- 
ship in Washington. He has also published " Passage to India," "After All. 
Xot to Create Only," "As Strong as a Bird on Pinions Free," " Two Rivulets," 
•• Specimen Days and Collect," " November Boughs," and " Sands at Seventy." 
He died at Camden, N. J., March 26, 1892.] 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WRITINGS, 

OXE'S-SELF I SING. 

One's-Self I sing, a simple, separate person. 

Yet utter the word Democratic, the word En-Masse. 

Of physiology from top to toe I sing, 

Xot physiognomy alone nor brain alone is worthy for the Muse, I 

say the form complete is worthier far, 
The Female equally with the Male I .sing. 

Of Life immense in passion, pulse, and power, 
Cheerful, for freest action form'd under the laws diyine, 
The Modern Man I sing. 

BEGINNING my studies. 

Beginning my studies the first step pleas'd me so much, 
The mere fact consciousness, these powers, the power of motion, 
The least insect or animal, the senses, eyesight, loye, 
The first step I say awed me and pleas'd me so much, 
I ha\*e hardly gone and hardly wish'd to go any farther, 
But stop and loiter all the time to sing it in ecstatic songs. 

391 



WALT WHITMAN. 
THE BASE OF ALL METAPHYSICS. 

And now gentlemen, 

A word I give to remain in your memories and minds, 

As base and finale too for all metaphysics. 

(So to the students the old professor, 
At the close of his crowded course.) 

Having studied the new and antique, the Greek and Germanic 

systems, 
Kant having studied and stated, Fichte and ScheUing and Hegel, 
Stated the love of Plato, and Socrates greater than Plato, 
And greater than Socrates sought and stated, Christ divine having 

studied long, 
I see reminiscent to-day those Greek and Germanic systems, 
See the philosophers all, Christian churches and tenets see, 
Yet underneath Socrates clearly see, and underneath Christ the 

divine I see, 
The dear love of man for his comrade, the attraction of friend to 

friend, 
Of the well-married husband and wife, of children and parents, 
Of city for city and land for land. 

EXCELSIOR. 

Who has gone farthest ? for I would go farther, 

And who has been just f for I would be the most just person of 

the earth, 
And who most cautious ? for I would be more cautious, 
And who has been happiest ? O I think it is I — I think no one 

was ever happier than I, 
And who has lavish'd all? for I lavish constantly the best I have, 

392 



RECENT INTERVIEWS WITH THE POET. 

And who proudest J ? for I think I have reason to be the proudest 

son alive — for I am the son of the brawny and tall-topt city, 
And who has been bold and true ? for I would be the boldest and 

truest being of the universe, 
And who benevolent ? for I would show more benevolence than all 

the rest, 
And who has receiv'd the love of the most friends ? for I know 

what it is to receive the passionate love of many friends, 
And who possesses a perfect and enamour'd body ? for I do not 

believe any one possesses a more perfect or enamour'd body 

than mine, 
And who thinks the amplest thoughts ? for I would surround those 

thoughts, 
And who has made hymns fit for the earth ? for I am mad with 

devouring ecstacy to make joyous kynms for the whole earth. 



RECENT INTERVIEWS WITH THE POET. 

By New York Journalists. 

GOOD-NATURE IS THE GREAT TIP. 

What is the secret of life, of enjoyment, of happiness, aye, and 
of success in life ? 

Good-nature. 

Good-natured men are of two classes. They are either born 
with a cheery, uplifting disposition, a merry heart, a take-it-easy 
habit, or, having learned by experience the folly of everlasting 
broodings, they put into practice the results of their observation, 
and force themselves into an attitude of urbanity towards all the 
world in general but towards themselves in particular. I remem- 
ber Walt Whitman in the way-back days of the early sixties, and 

1 393 



WALT WHITMAN. 

used often to see him on the ferry-boats, on the stage-top, on the 
street, in the pilot-house, in bohemian resorts, everywhere — at all 
times and under all circumstances the same great, big, good- 
natured, bronzed-faced, full-bearded, slouched-hatted individuality. 
. . . During the fierce struggles between the contending armies, 
no matter what his mental, physical, financial situation might be, 
he bore himself with the uplifted front of good-nature to all the 
world, and particularly to himself. Why to himself ? 

Because being good-natured to himself put him into condition 
of good-nature towards everybody else. That is the secret of con- 
tentment while living. It is the secret of longevity itself. The 
man who goes to bed cross and ugly with himself, the man who is 
disappointed and feels it when he is curled up between the sheets, 
has no right to anticipate a good night's rest ; and without refresh- 
ing sleep where are you on the following morning ? Selfishly con- 
sidered, the best medicine a man can take is the knowledge that 
good-nature makes life's pathway smooth, and an evil nature 
makes a disgruntled mental condition, and upsets not alone the 
head but the stomach, and therefore the entire physique. The 
best nature in all the world is good-nature, and if you haven't got 
it by birth, let experience bring it to you ; study for it, work for it, 
get it. Then you'll be welcomed. Otherwise you won't. 

his life's philosophy. 

" You want to know in a word, then, the sum total of my life 
philosophy as I have tried to live it and as I have tried to put it in 
my books. I will tell you. It is only the closest student who would 
find it in my works. I do not care whether or not the fellows un- 
derstand me. The sum total of my view of life has always been to 
humbly accept and thank God for whatever inspiration towards 
good may come in this rough world of ours, and, as far as may be, 
to cut loose from and put the bad behind always and always." 

394 



XLII. 

LIVING WORDS FROM EMINENT TEACHERS. 



HENRY DRODIOXD. CHARLES H. SPURGEOX. 

THOUGHTS FROM HENRY DRODIOXD, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. 

The gTeatest thing in the world is love. Patience ; kindliness ; 
generosity : humility ; courtesy : unselfishness ; good-temper ; 
gnilelessness : sincerity — these make up the supreme gift, the 
stature of the perfect man. 

1. Love is Patience. This is the normal attitude of Love ; 
Love passive. Love waiting to begin. 

2. Kindness. Love active. . . . How easily it is done ! 
How instantaneously it acts ! How infallibly it is remembered ! 
How superabundantly it pays itself back — for there is no debtor 
in the world so honorable, so superbly honorable, as Love. il Love 
never faileth." Love is success. Love is happiness, Love is life. 
" Love." I say with Browning. " is energy of life." . . . Lose 
no chance of giving pleasure. For that is the ceaseless and 
anonymous triumph of a truly loving spirit. 

3. Generosity. " Love envieth not." This is Love in competi- 
tion with others. 

4. Courtesy. This is Love in society : Love in relation to eti- 
quette. k, Love doth not behave itself unseemly." Politeness 

395 



HENRY DRODIOND. 

has been denned as Love in trifles. Courtesy is said to be Love 
in little things. And the one secret of politeness is to love. 

5. Unselfishness. "Love seeketh not her own." Observe: 
Seeketh not even that which is her own. . . . The only great- 
ness is unselfish Love. 

6. Good-temper. " Love is not easily provoked." . . . The 
peculiarity of ill-temper is that it is the vice of the virtuous. It 
is often the one blot on an otherwise noble character. 

7. Guileless ness and Sincerity. . . . Guilelessness is the grace 
for suspicious people. And the possession of it is the great 
secret of personal influence. You will find, if you think for a 
moment, that the people who influence you are people who believe 
in you. In an atmosphere of suspicion men shrivel up ; but in 
that atmosphere they expand, and find encouragement and edu- 
cative fellowship. . : . Love "thinketh no evil/' imputes no 
motive, sees the bright side, puts the best construction on every 
action. What a delightful state of mind to live in ! . . . The 
world is not a playground, it is a school-room. Life is not a 
holiday, but an education. And the one eternal lesson for us all 
is how better we can love. . . . "What makes a man a good 
man ? Practice. Nothing else. Love is not a thing of enthusi- 
astic emotion. It is the rich, strong, manly, vigorous expression 
of the whole round Christian character. . . . And the con- 
stitutents of this great character are only to be built up by cease- 
less practice. 

Character is a unity, and all the virtues must advance together 
to make the perfect man. 

Do not think that nothing is happening because you do not see 
yourself grow, or hear the whir of the machinery. 

But the immediate need of the world at this moment is not 
more of us, but, if I may use the expression, a better brand of us. 

396 



CHARLES H. SPUKGEOX. 

The world is a sphinx. It is a vast riddle, an unfathomable 
mystery ; and on every side there is temptation to questioning. 
In every leaf, in every cell of every leaf, there are a hundred 
problems. There are ten good years of a man's life in investi- 
gating what is in a leaf, and there are five good years more in in- 
vestigating the things that are in the things that are in the leal 

THOUGHTS FROM CHARLES H. SPURGEOX. 

Nothing but perfection must content you. 

There is nothing but what you can make a way through if you 
can find something harder to bore it with. 

Good thoughts are blessed guests. 

The puff-ball is the emblem of many a forceless life. 

You must never judge of character by circumstances. 

He that, amidst a thousand troubles, keeps his heart whole by 
standing firm in his integrity, may battle against all the world 
and all the hosts of hell and not be afraid. 

Get out of the sluggard's way. or you may catch his disease, 
and never get rid of it. 

Do not be all sugar, or the world will suck you down ; but do 
not be all vinegar, or the world will spit you out. 

There is a time to do as others wish, and a time to refuse. 

Never mind being called a turncoat when you turn from bad 
courses. 

He who never changes, never mends ; he who never yields, 
never conquers. 

Keep clear of the man who does not value his own character. 

Commit all your secrets to no man. 

Faults are always thick where love is thin. 

It is not wise to aim at impossibilities. 

Meddlers are sure to hurt their own characters. 

397 



CHARLES H. SPURGEON. 

Poverty is hard, but debt is horrible. 

Pay as you go, and keep from small scores. 

Money is round, and rolls away easily. 

Married life is not all sugar, but grace in the heart will keep 
away most of the sours. 

Hope is no hope, but sheer folly, when a man hopes for impos- 
sibilities. 

Hypocrites of all sorts are abominable. 

Hard work is the grand secret of success. 

Don't give up a small business till you see that a large one will 
pay you better. 

Patience and attention will get on in the long run. 

Never try dirty dodges to make money : clean money or none. 

When you mean to save, begin with your mouth; there are 
many thieves down the red lane. 

Fare hard and work hard while you are young, and you have a 
chance of rest when you are old. 

A good character is the best tombstone. 

The men of strong convictions fashion the world upon their 
anvils. 

For a great life a man must trust a great force j and that force 
must be to a large extent unseen and beyond ordinary compre- 
hension. 

It is a very terrible thing to let conscience begin to grow hard, 
for it soon chills into northern iron and steel. 

If we would impress we must act. 

The dignity of standing still will never win the prize, we must 
run for it. 

Motive is vital to the goodness of an action. 

The repetition of small efforts will effect more than the occa- 
sional use of great talents. 

Trifling acts cannot accomplish great results. 

398 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

Never lose a good servant through bad pay. 

Never collect subscriptions before dinner. 

Words are like thistle-down ; no one knows where they will go 
or what will grow of them. 

As soon as a man is down there are plenty to triumph over him. 
A hare can sport with the beard of a dead Hon. 

Avoid that which makes a void in your pocket. 

The mere dandy is like his mother in this only : she wQl never 
loe a man, nor will he. 

He who will not bend his head in humility will run against a 
beam. 

Little annoyances must be put up with because of great advan- 
tages. 

When a case is doubtful, it is best to do nothing till you see 
what to do ; for if we do the wrong thing it may make bad worse. 

Find not fault with those who feed you, nor with the trade 
which supports you, nor with the Lord who gives you all things. 

In trade transactions deal with relatives as you would with 
strangers, so far as methods of business are concerned. 

Hard things, when patiently endured, tend to increase our men- 
tal and spiritual strength. 

Don't do a good action and spoil it by your after conduct, nor 
preach a good sermon and contradict it. As a rule, do not " put 
your foot in it " in any case. An Irishman observed that when- 
ever he opened his mouth he put his foot in it. Don't imitate him. 

You can lay so many books on the brain as to bury it, and 
teach children so much that they learn nothing, and preach so 
long that the people forget all that is said. 

Self-conquest is the greatest of victories. Many have vanquished 
all others, and yet have been slaves to their own passions. 



399 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

" Ah, once more," I cried, " ye stars, ye waters, 
On my heart your mighty charm renew j 

Still, still let me, as I gaze upon you, 
Feel my soul becoming vast like \ou ! n 

From the intense, clear, star-sown vault of heaven, 

Over the lit sea's unquiet way, 
In the rustling night-air came the answer : 

"Would'st thou be as they are? Live as they. 

" And with joy the stars perform their shining, 
And the sea its long moon-silvered roll ; 

For self -poised they live, nor pine with noting 
All the fever of some differing soul." 

Matthew Arnold. 

Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul, 
As the swift seasons roll ! 
Leave thy low- vaulted past ! 
Let each new temple, nobler than the last, 
Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast, 
Till thou at length art free, 

Leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unresting sea. 
[The Chambered Nautilus.] 0. W. Holmes, 



Fear with his iron staff may urge the slave onward forever ; 
Rapture, do thou lead me on ever in roseate chains ! 

Schiller, 



"What makes life dreary is the want of motive. 

George Eliot. 

400 



XLIII. 

ORIENTAL WISDOM. 

PROFESSOR JAMES LEGGE, 

Oxford, England, 
Orientalist, Professor in Oxford University, 



401 



THE GREAT CHINESE MAXIM. 

WHEN YOU SEE GAIN, THINK OF RIGHTEOUSNESS." 
WHAT CHINA CAN TEACH US. 



PROFESSOR JAMES LEGGE, of Oxford, 

the eminent orientalist, was asked what the Chinese sages 
could tell ns about making a better man. Following is his 
reply :— 



HE Chinese ideal of perfect manhood is that 
afforded by the ancient sages, and especially by 
Confucius. But the sages are the same in kind 
as other men. " They only stand out from their fel- 
lows, and not above the level, and from the birth of 
mankind till now there never has been one so complete as 
Confucius" (see works of Mencius, II., L, eh. 2, at the end). 
The Chinese ideal of culture is variously expressed. 
Xow it is the fulfilment of one's nature, as endowed by 
Heaven or God with the principles of " Benevolence, 
Righteousness, the feeling of Propriety, the capacity of 
Knowledge, and Good Faith/ 1 Xow it is " adherence to 
the Right." The highest quality in human nature is " Be- 
nevolence or Love." It is said, " Benevolence is Human- 
ity." Selfishness is the great vice from which humanity 
is in danger. The Chinese ideal is always a moral quality. 
There cannot be a better counsel for the young man of the 
present day, American or other, than this : 




Pt^ 






" When 5 T cra see gain, think of righteousness." 

403 



PROFESSOR JAMES LEGGE. 



The Chinese have no idea of any " coming man " better 
than the man of the past, better than the man with his 
Heaven-given nature ; and to the awakening, quickening, 
and development of which all education should be directed. 



With compliments, 



JAMES LEGGE. 



SUMMARY. 

Capacity for Knowledge. 
Good Faith. 

Righteousness, 

or 
Adherence to Right. 



Propriety. 
Benevolence, 

or 
Love. 
Humanity. 



°o « — -S )£&S<s . -. -o* 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 



[James Legge was born in Huntly, Scotland, December 20, 1815. He 
was educated at Aberdeen and London ; went to Malacca and Hong Kong as 
missionary ; was appointed professor of Chinese at Oxford in 1876. Has pub- 
lished annotated translations of several important Chinese classics, and is the 
author of " The Notions of the Chinese Respecting God and Spirits," 1852; 
"Life of Confucius," and "The Religions of China," 1880.] 

404 



CHINESE MAXIMS. 

Deal with the faults of others as gently as with your own. 
" Three men's strength cannot prevail against truth. 

If you bow at all, bow low. 

A man thinks he knows, but a woman knows better. 

If fortune smiles, who doesn't ? If fortune doesn't, who does ? 

" Forbearance " is a rule of life in a word. 

With money you can move the gods; without it, you can't 
move a man. 

Oblige, and you will be obliged. 

Only imbeciles want credit for the achievements of their an- 
cestors. 

The highest towers begin from the ground. 

Medicine cures the man who is fated not to die. 

Don't pull up your shoe in a melon-field, nor adjust your hat 
under a plum-tree (i.e. avoid the appearance of evil). 

Free-sitters at the play always grumble most. 

If you suspect a man, don't employ him ; if you employ him, 
don't suspect him. (Confucius.) 

Man combs his hair every morning. Why not his heart ? 

Sweep the snow from your own doorstep. 

You can't chop a thing as round as you can pare it. 

He who rides a tiger cannot dismount. 

Politeness before force. 

If you can't draw a tiger, draw a dog. 

One dog barks at something, and the rest bark at him. 

Cleanse your heart as you would cleanse a dish. 

Draw your bow, but don't shoot. 

Don't take a pole-ax to kill a fowl. (Confucius.) 

Gold is tested by fire ; man, by gold. 

Man dies and leaves a name. The tiger dies and leaves a skin. 

Man is God upon a small scale. God is man upon a large scale. 

"Women share adversity better than prosperity. 

405 



CHINESE ETHICS. 

[Dr. H. C. Dubose, in '-'The Dragon, Image, and Demon," gives us the 
Chinese ideal of perfection.] 

The ideal teacher is thus described : " He is entirely sincere and 
perfect in love. He is magnanimous, generous, benign,, and full 
of forbearance. He is pure in heart, free from selfishness, and 
never swerves from the path of duty in his conduct. He is deep 
and active, like a fountain, sending forth his virtues in due sea- 
son. He is seen, and men revere him ; he speaks, and men be- 
lieve him j he acts, and men are gladdened by him. He possesses 
all heavenly virtues. He is one with heaven." 

The classics discourse on the " five relations " of prince and sub- 
ject, father and son, husband and wife, brother and brother, friend 
and friend; they expand the reciprocal duties, and enforce the 
moral obligations resting on each party. The "five virtues" are 
upon the lips of the people, and daily they speak of "benevo- 
lence, righteousness, propriety, knowledge, and faith." The pre- 
cepts of the sages have filtered down through the masses, and 
have become staple topics of common conversation. 

Confucianism makes " rectify yourself " the leading dogma of 
political economy. "Wishing to order well their states, they first 
regulated their families. Wishing to regulate their families, they 
first cultivated their persons. Wishing to cultivate their persons, 
they first rectified their hearts. Wishing to rectify their hearts, 
they first sought to be sincere in their thoughts. Their thoughts 
being sincere, their hearts were then rectified. Their hearts being 
rectified, their persons were cultivated. Their persons being cul- 
tivated, their families were regulated. Their families being regu- 
lated, their states were rightly governed." 

THE HEART. 

The first little primer put into the hands of a Chinese boy after 
he learns a few hundred " square characters " is the " Three Char- 

406 



CHINESE ETHICS. 

acter Classic/' which begins, "Man's nature is originally good. 1 ' 
The philosopher Mencius discourses at considerable length on the 
goodness of human nature. He says, "The tendency of man's 
nature to good is like the tendency of water to flow downwards. 
There are none but have this tendency to good, just as all water 
flows downwards." 

" The heart, the heart, the heart,"' is a motto often engraved 
in the solid walls of the temple, and the triple enunciation of the 
text is equal in force to a sermon. Glance above (on the sacred 
walls), and you will see the sign, "Rectify the heart,'' a solemn 
exhortation to morality. 

The doctrine of Confucianism is, first, that the heart is good ; 
that it is good by nature, and that the thoughts of the heart, flow- 
ing in their natural channels, are pure. Second, that a man may 
rectify Ins own heart ; that he can exercise a control over it, and 
when it deviates from the right way he can, by his own power, 
nourish and restore it to the path of virtue. 

MORAL PRECEPTS FROM PERSIA. 

GENEROSITY. 

O my heart ! whoever spreadeth the table of generosity 

Becometh famous in the world of beneficence : 

Generosity will gain you renown in the universe, 

Generosity will obtain you safety. 

Than generosity there is no action more excellent in the world. 

HUMILITY. 

O my heart ! if you make choice of humility, 
Mankind will be your friends ; 
Humility augmenteth dignity, 
Like as the sun illumines the moon. 
407 



PROFESSOR JAMES LEGGE. 

Whosoever is humane, practices humility j 
Nothing adorns human beings like humanity. 

ARROGANCE. 

Practice not arrogance, take care, O my son ! 

For, one day, by its hand, you may fall down headlong. 

KNOWLEDGE. 

To gain knowledge, you should consume yourself like a candle, 
Since without it you cannot know G-od. 

EVIL COMMUNICATION. 

my heart ! if thou art wise and prudent, 
Choose not the society of the ignorant, 
Fly from them like an arrow j 
Be not mixed with them like sugar and milk. 

AVARICE. 

Have a care, ye who are entangled in the snare of covetousness, 
From being intoxicated and deprived of reason by the cup of 

avarice. 
Waste not life in the acquisition of wealth. 

PIETY AND DEVOTION. 

He to whom good fortune is subservient 

Hath his heart constantly inclined to obedience. 

MYSTIC LOVE AND WINE. 

Welcome ! the spiritual wine of the godly. 
Welcome ! the holy rapture of the righteous. 
Welcome ! the ardent zeal of the saints. 
Welcome ! the enthusiastic joy of true believers. 

408 



XLIV. 

STUDY NATURE. 

OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, 

Cambridge, Mass., 
Physician, Author, Professor Medical School, Harvard University. 



409 



OBSERVATION. 

FIRST NATURE, THEN ART, THEN HUMANITY. 



DR. OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, 



ill an interview, spoke chiefly of the importance of the habit 
of observing well. In substance he said : — 



Vfe^.*^ 



IT 



fBSERYATION. — This, in the training of the 
Ife young, should be primary. In a little book, 
" Evenings at Home," is a pretty story, "Eyes 
and No Eyes," that illustrates the point. Teach the 
I young to observe the course of the stars, the growth 
of trees, all the phenomena of Nature. 

2. Poetic and ^Esthetic Culture. — Give them the great 
poets — Wordsworth and Scott. 

3. Moral and Religious Training. — This should go 
along at the same time. Teach them benevolence, kind- 
ness, humanity. 

In the choice of a profession people should follow their 
instincts. This method may answer to a certain extent in 
culture. Among women, for instance, one mind may be 
spiritual and contemjDlative, and find joy in " The Imita- 
tion," another is practical and takes delight in relieving the 
necessities of the poor. 



SUMMARY. 

Observation. 

Poetic and ^Esthetic Culture. 

Humanitarian Culture. 
411 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Oliver Wendell Holmes was born in Cambridge, Mass., August 29, 1809. 
He graduated from Harvard University in 1829 ; studied law in Cambridge, 
then medicine for several years, chiefly in Paris, and received his degree in 
1836. In the same year he published his first volume of poems, and in 1839 
became professor of anatomy and physiology at Dartmouth College. In 1840 
he married a daughter of Judge Charles Jackson, of Massachusetts, and re- 
signed his professorship to practice medicine in Boston. In 1847 he was 
appointed professor of anatomy and physiology in the medical school at Har- 
vard. His scientific works include ''Matthew Hall's Theory and Practice of 
Medicine," "Lectures on Homoeopathy and its Kindred Delusions," and "Bor- 
der Lines in some Provinces of Medical Science." His volumes of poetry are 
"Uranai," "Astrea: the Balance of Illusions," "Songs in Many Keys," 
" Songs of Many Seasons," and " The Iron Gate." His prose works are " The 
Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table," "The Professor at the Breakfast-Table," 
"The Poet at the Breakfast-Table," " Soundings from the Atlantic," "Mech- 
anism in Thought and Morals," "A Mortal Antipathy," "Our Hundred Days 
in Europe," memoirs of John Lothrop Motley and Ralph Waldo Emerson, and 
two novels, "Elsie Venner, a Romance of Destiny," and "The Guardian 
Angel."] 



— ffCTsEisrfkzS'^ 



EXTRACTS FROM rJIS WORKS. 



THE ART OF SEEING. 



The story of " Eyes or No Eyes " is a dialogue in which two 
boys, William and Robert, go for a walk. One of them, Robert, 
returns, saying, " I thought it very dull. I scarcely met with a 
single person." The other, however, being an observer, it was 
found had discovered a crab tree, the mistletoe, a woodpecker, 
wheat-ear, a young viper, a marl pit, and a peat bed. He had 
talked with workmen, counted fifteen church steeples, and taken a 
wonderful observation of the sunset. 

The tale ends with a moral. " Do you then, William, continue 
to make use of your eyes, and you, Robert, learn that eyes were 
given you to use." 

412 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 



STUDY LIFE, NOT BOOKS. 



I always believed in life rather than in books. I suppose every 
day of earth, with its hundred thousand deaths and something* 
more of births, — with its loves and hates, its triumphs and defeats, 
its pangs and blisses, has more of humanity in it than all the books 
that were ever written, put together. I believe the flowers grow- 
ing at this moment send up more fragrance to heaven than was 
ever exhaled from all the essences ever distilled. 

QUOTATIONS FROM DR. HOLMES. 

I will tell you my rule. Talk about those subjects you have 
had long in your mind, and listen to what others say about sub- 
jects you have studied but recently. Knowledge and timber 
shouldn't be much used till they are seasoned. 

Bread and the Newspaper. This is the new version of the Panem 
et Circmses of the Roman populace. . . . We live on our 
emotions as the sick man is said to live on his fever. Idols and 
dogmas in place of character ; pills and theories in place of whole- 
some living. 

The best thought, like the best digestion, is done unconsciously. 

Those who are really awake to the sights and sounds which the 
procession of the months offers them find endless entertainment 
and instruction. 

The supreme self-indulgence is to surrender the will to a spiritual 
director. 

It is the folly of the world, constantly, which confounds its wis- 
dom j not only out of the mouths of babes and sucklings, but out 
of the mouths of fools and cheats, we may often get our truest les- 
sons. 

Sin has many tools, but a He is the handle which fits them all. 

413 



OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 

People that make puns are like the wanton boys that put cop- 
pers on the railroad tracks ; they amuse themselves and other chil- 
dren, but their little trick may upset a freight train of conversation 
for the sake of a battered witticism. 

How many people live on the reputation of the reputation they 
might have made ! 

The world's great men have not commonly been great scholars, 
nor its greatest scholars been great men. 

Science — in other words, Knowledge — is not the enemy of re- 
ligion ; for if so, then religion would mean ignorance • but it is 
often the antagonist of school divinity. 

Laughter and tears are meant to turn the wheels of the same 
machinery of sensibility ; one is wind-power and the other water- 
power, that is all. 

Science is a good piece of furniture for a man to have in an up- 
per chamber, provided he has common sense on the ground floor. 

Life, as we call it, is nothing but the edge of the boundless ocean 
of existence when it comes upon soundings. 

The more we study the body and the mind, the more we find 
both to be governed, not by, but according to laws such as we ob- 
serve in the larger universe. 

Nature carves with her own hands the brain which holds the 
creative imagination, but she casts the over-sensitive creatures in 
scores from the same mould. 

Talk about conceit as much as you like, it is to human character 
what salt is to the ocean ; it keeps it sweet and renders it endur- 
able. Say rather it is like the natural unguent of the sea-fowl's 
plumage, which enables him to shed the rain that falls on him and 
the wave in which he dips. When one has all his conceit taken 
out of him, when he has lost all his illusions, his feathers will soon 
soak through, and he will fly no more. 



414 






mm ,: , 








XLV. 

THE IDEALS OF WORDSWORTH AND 

GOETHE. 

PROFESSOR EDWARD DOWDEN, 

Dublin, Ireland, 

Author, Critic, Professor of Oratory and English Literature in 
Trinity College, Dublin. 



417 



-THE GODLIKE." 

WIDE WORLD AND BROAD LIFE. 



PROFESSOR EDWARD DOWDEN, 

the eminent critic, writes : — 



rffif> SHOULD be content to send as niy answer to 

2 { SSw your questions Wordsworth's poem " The Happy 

Warrior," or Goethe's poem " Das Gottliche " (The 

Godlike). I give you some lines of Goethe from 

which an ideal of a man's work and of the worker 

may be inferred : 

" Weite Welt mid breites Leben, 
Langer Jahre redhcli Streben, 
Stets geforseht imd stets gegrtindet, 
Xie geschlossen, oft geriindet, 
Aeltestes bewahrt mit Treue, 
Freundlicli aufgefasstes Neue, 
Heitern Sinn mid reine Zwecke : 
Nun, man komnit wokl eine Strecke." 

Following is a translation of the verse : 

" A wide world and a broad life, 
Long years of honest striving, 
Always seeking, always grounding, 
Ne'er completing, ever rounding, 
The oldest kept with faithfulness, 
The new grasped with friendliness, 
A glad heart and a firm, purpose, 
Thus one surely will progress." 



Faithfully yours, 



419 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Edward Dowden was born in Cork, Ireland, May 3, 1843. He was edu- 
cated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he became professor of Oratory and 
English Literature in 1867. He has published " Shakespeare, His Mind and 
Art," 1872; " Poems," 1876; " Studies in Literature," 1878 j "Southey," 
1879; "Goethe."] 



THE GODLIKE. 

POEM BY GOETHE. 

Noble be man, 
Helpful and good ! 
For that alone 
Distinguisheth him 
From all the beings 
Unto us known. 

Hail to the beings, 
Unknown and glorious, 
Whom we forbode ! 
From his example 
Learn we to know them ! 

For unfeeling 

Nature is ever ; 

On bad and on good 

The sun alike shineth; 

And on the wicked, 

As on the best, 

The moon and stars gleam. 



Tempest and torrent, 
Thunder and hail, 
420 



THE GODLIKE. 

Roar on their path, 
Seizing the while, 
As they haste onward, 
One after another. 

Even so, fortune 
Gropes 'mid the throng — 
Innocent boyhood's 
Curly head seizing, 
Seizing the hoary 
Head of the sinner. 

After laws mighty, 
Brazen, eternal, 
Must all we mortals 
Finish the circuit 
Of our existence. 

Man, and man only, 
Can do the impossible ; 
He 'tis distinguisheth, 
Chooseth and judgeth j 
He to the moment 
Endurance can lend. 

He, and he only, 
The good can reward, 
The bad can he punish, 
Can heal and can save j 
All that wanders and strays 
Can usefully blend. 
And we pay homage 
To the immortals 
As though they were men, 
421 



PROFESSOR EDWARD DOWDEN. 

And did in the great 
What the best in the small 
Does or might do. 

Be the man that is noble 
Both helpful and good, 
Unweariedly pursuing 
The right and useful. 
A type of these beings 
Our mind hath foreshadowed. 

CHARACTER OF THE HAPPY WARRIOR. 

BY WORDSWORTH. 

Who is the happy warrior ? Who is he 
That every man in arms should wish to be ? 
It is the generous spirit, who, when wrought 
Among the tasks of real life, hath wrought 
Upon the plan that pleased his childish thought ; 
Whose high endeavors are an inward light 
That makes the path before him always bright ; 
Who, with a natural instinct to discern 
What knowledge can perform, is diligent to learn, 
Abides by this resolve, and stops not there, 
But makes his moral being his prime care ; 
Who, doomed to go in company with pain, 
And fear, and bloodshed, miserable train ! 
Turns his necessity to glorious gain ; 
In face of these doth exercise a power 
Which is our human nature's highest dower ; 
Controls them and subdues, transmutes, bereaves 
Of their bad influence, and their good receives j 
422 



CHARACTER OF THE HAPPY WARRIOR. 

By objects, which might force the soul to abate 
Her feeling, rendered more compassionate ; 
So placable — because occasions rise 
So often that demand such sacrifice ; 
More skilful in self-knowledge, even more pure, 
As tempted more ; more able to endure, 
As more exposed to suffering and distress j 
Thence, also, more alive to tenderness. 
'Tis he whose law is reason ; who depends 
Upon that law as on the best of friends ; 
Whence, in a state where men are tempted still 
To evil for a guard against worse ill, 
And what in quality or act is best 
Doth seldom on a right foundation rest, 
He fixes good on good alone, and owes 
To virtue every triumph that he knows ; 
Who, if he rise to station of command, 
Rises by open means ; and there will stand 
On honorable terms, or else retire, 
And in himself possess his own desire ; 
Who comprehends his trust, and to the same 
Keeps faithful with, a singleness of aim ; 
And therefore does not stop, nor lie in wait 
For wealth, or honors, or for worldly state ; 
Whom they must follow ; on whose head must fall, 
Like showers of manna, if they come at all ; 
Whose powers shed round him in the common strife 
Or mild concerns of ordinary life, 
A constant influence, a peculiar grace ; 
But who, if he be called upon to face 
Some awful moment to which Heaven has joined 
Great issues, good or bad, for human kind, 
423 



PROFESSOR EDWARD DOWDEN. 

Is happy as a lover ; and attired 

"With sudden brightness, like a man inspired ; 

And, through the heat of conflict, keeps the law 

In calmness made, and sees what he foresaw j 

Or if an unexpected call succeed, 

Come when it will, is equal to the need ; 

He who, though thus endued as with a sense, 

And faculty for storm and turbulence, 

Is yet a soul whose master-bias leans 

To homef elt pleasure and to gentle scenes ; 

Sweet images ! which, wheresoe'er he be, 

Are at his heart ; and such fidelity 

It is his darling passion to approve ; 

More brave for this, that he hath much to love : — 

7 Tis, finally, the man who, lifted high, 

Conspicuous object in a nation's eye, 

Or left unthought of, in obscurity, — 

Who, with a toward or untoward lot, 

Prosperous or adverse, to his wish or not, 

Plays, in the many games of life, that one 

Where what he most doth value must be won ; 

Where neither shape of danger can dismay, 

Nor thought of tender happiness betray ; 

Who, not content that former worth stand fast, 

Looks forward, persevering to the last, 

From well to better, daily self-surpast ; 

Who, whether praise of him must walk the earth 

Forever, and to noble deeds give birth, 

Or he must go to dust without his fame, 

And leave a dead unprofitable name, 

Finds comfort in himself and in his cause ; 



424 



EXTRACTS FROM DOWDEN'S WORKS. 

And while the mortal mist is gathering, draw 
His breath in confidence of Heaven's applanse : 
This is the happy warrior ; this is he 
Whom every man in arms should wish to be. 



EXTRACTS FROM DOWDEN'S WORKS. 

FROM " TRANSCRIPTS AND STUDIES." 

Throw yourself upon life, and you are touched by truth upon 
every side, and in the finest ways. View life through the loop- 
holes of a philosophic fortress, and you get at best certain gross 
and obvious lessons of wisdom. 

If we learn the truth, we shall certainly do the right ; we cannot 
but yield to the force of the stronger argument. If ever we do 
evil, it is because out* knowledge is imperfect, or because there is 
a fallacy in our logic. Morality in a high sense is possible for 
him alone viio has a wide perception of truth and a fully en- 
lightened understanding. And in proportion to a man's enlight- 
enment he must of necessity be virtuous, because he comes under 
the influence of motives which leave him no choice but to act 
aright. 

Error and ignorance are the sources of all vices ; vice, indeed, 
is but a form of error, and virtue is merely knowledge trans- 
formed into act. 

It is well, perhaps, to have a notion as to what are the hundred 
best books ; but it is folly to suppose that we can really make 
acquaintance with half a hundred teachers. Each teaches the 
truth universal, but in his own way and with his own methods, 
and to submit ourselves to any one is a discipline. It is a moral 

* 425 



PROFESSOR EDWARD DOWDEN. 

impossibility while we are undergoing the peculiar and exacting 
discipline of Goethe to undergo at the same time the peculiar and 
exacting discipline of Dante. But perhaps in the course of years 
we can do this ; and some of us who are studious of perfection 
may strive to pass through various rules of discipline, in attempt- 
ing which we should choose masters like Dante and Goethe, who, 
while each one of the greatest of all time, and each an interpreter 
of the catholic truth of human life, yet differ, each from the 
other, as widely as is permitted to interpreters of the truth uni- 
versal. To submit ourselves to as many masters as may be 
counted on the fingers of one hand is perhaps as much as can 
really be accomplished in a lifetime; for we too have to live, 
and our master's teaching is never more than notional unless we 
put it into use and effect in out- own lives. 



SU MMARY. 

Clear Purpose. 

Honest Striving. 
Broad Life. 

Glad Heart. 



426 



XLVI. 

FROM A SCANDINAVIAN. 

BJORNSTJERNE BJORNSON, 

Stockholm, Sweden, 
Novelist and Dramatist. 



427 



FAITHFULNESS TO A HIGH PURPOSE. 



JOHAN HUSS AND WILLIAM OF ORANGE CITED. 



BJORNSTJERNE BJORNSON, 

the eminent Scandinavian novelist, writes : — 

ski* 

IrN answer to the questions you have put, among 
J|f others also to me, I wish to say: — Faithfulness 
i|g£ is, I believe, that which is the best part of the 
human race, its moral avant couriers now regarded 
as the highest. A man or woman who, faithful to 
some noble purpose, has developed his or her mental and 
bodily powers to their full capacity, is considered superior 
in the same degree as the powers, the faithfulness, and 
goal are supreme. Not the powers alone, not even the 
very greatest, as those of a Caesar or Napoleon ; not the 
faithfulness alone, least of all that behind the silent obedi- 
ence; not the goal alone, for think of the fool's enthu- 
siasm for the unattainable — but the powers, the faithful- 
ness, the goal taken together, the force they command, 
and the result they leave — all this goes to determine the 
degree of perfection and greatness attained. Of this ideal 
I shall mention two admirable types near to us in time 
and still felt in our life. One is the Bohemian Johan 
Huss, the other William of Orange, the Dutchman. There 
have been men with powers more brilliant and more hap- 
pily combined, but not one who developed them with 
greater faithfulness toward a higher goal. Spiritual free- 
dom was then the highest, 

429 



BJORNSTJERNE BJORNSON. 

The first of the two, firm at the stake, conscious of his 
motives and their import, and forgiving the rabble that 
was killing him, made possible that which we call the Ref- 
ormation. The other, in spite of ever-repeated defeat, 
stanch to the last gasp in his belief in final victory, 
stemmed one of the most dangerous onsets upon religious 
liberty which a people ever had to breast, and it was done 
— for us. 

When once the education and instruction of our chil- 
dren, in perfect harmony with our own religion, which is 
itself the brow-bound martyrum of constancy, undertake 
to make a greatness like that of those two men the ideal 
of the rising youth, when our children are no more taught 
and educated to bow low before genius, victory, conquest, 
yea ! before suppression and fraud, if only they are suc- 
cessful, or to glory in dogmatic fanaticism and a callous 
religious belief, which are just the tools for chaining us 
down in narrowness and egotism — then means and meth- 
ods will be minutely sifted, school and house will be one 
in one, and the very brains will be turned to work in an- 
other way. 

For what is education but a just appreciation of the 
various life values and their relation to our individual 
nature ! And what is perfect education but the means by 
which such an appreciation can be made apparent and 
convincing — at once and to all? 

The other more specialized questions I dare not touch. 




tfl 



7 






430 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Bjornstjerne Bjornson was born at Quikne, Norway, December 8 r 
1832. He first became known through his contributions to the press of his 
own country. In 1856 he went to Copenhagen, where he remained two years 
studying the principal Danish writers, who exercised a great influence over 
him. His first novel was " Thrond," which was quickly followed by two 
others, " Arne," and " Synnoeve Solbakken." " Poesies et Chants " appeared 
in 1870, " Sigurd Jorsalafar" in 1872, and " Brude-Staaten " in 1873. Mr. 
Bjornstjerne has also written dramas.] 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

FROM "THE FISHER-MAIDEN. 7 ' 

All low natures take passionate delight in uniting' to persecute 
the stronger, but only as long as these offer resistance ; when they 
see their victims calmly submitting to ill-treatment a sense of 
shame overcomes them, and they hiss at whoever would cast an- 
other stone. 

There are times when the beams of light in our own souls be- 
come so brilliant that they make everything about us bright. 
though we ourselves be unconscious of it. 

We must be careful in the choice of our vocation, for there are 
vocations that are sinful in themselves, while there are other call- 
ings which may prove a source of sin to us, either because they 
are not suited to our capabilities, or because they suit too well our 
evil desires. 

Certain as it is that we must try to choose our work in accord- 
ance with our faculties, it is equally certain that a choice which 
seems both correct and good may prove a source of temptation to 
us, if we, from love of it, permit it to consume all our time and 
occupy all out- thoughts. 

FROM "A HAPPY BOY." 

That is a pitiful love which chooses a secret course. Love 
naturally begins in secrecy because it begins in shyness j but it 

431 



BJORXSTJERXE BJORNSON. 



must live openly because it lives in joy. It is as when the leaves 
are changing ; that which is to grow cannot conceal itself, and in 
every instance you see that all which is dry falls from the tree the 
moment the new leaves begin to sprout. 



SUMMARY. 

Noble Purpose. 

High Powers. 
Vigor of Body. 

Faithfulness. 



432 



XLVII. 

EFFICIENCY. 

P. G. HAMERTON, 

London, England, 
Author, Editor, Art Critic. 



433 



EFFICIENCY FOR SELF AND OTHERS. 



THE DUAL PERFECTION OF LIFE. 



P. G. HAMERTON, 

the eminent art critic, writes us from the south of France : — 






RE we to be perfect for ourselves or for the race ? 
jj The two are not always compatible. One trained 
for his own sake may reach a perfection pleasant 
jj^ for himself, but useless to others, while public use- 
fulness may involve private deficiencies. Most of us 
are neither perfect for ourselves nor for the race. We 
have wasted energy in toils or pleasures not leading to 
either of these two perfections. All effort from childhood 
ought to tend toward one or the other in due proportion. 
Every increase of physical activity without fatigue and of 
mental alertness tends toward both at once. To be effi- 
cient for self and others is the dual perfection of life. 

The ideal condition would be delivered from that unin- 
telligent training which wearies and overburdens without 
giving efficiency, as in the case of arts and languages not 
mastered. In the highest human life the powers of mind 
and body would be maintained to advanced age in such 
healthy activity that all duties would be performed with 
little effort, and a simple morality would be acted upon as 
a matter of course. Wise living would be a pleasant 
habit. 

I am not a believer in any uniform perfection. My con- 
viction is that if perfection were attainable it would mani- 

435 



P. G. HAMERTON. 

f est itself in an endless variety of gifts and culture ; con- 
sequently each of us ought to aim at that special perfec- 
tion which is indicated by his individual idiosyncrasy. It 
is foolish to aim at any perfection which is unattainable 
by the aspirant, owing to the laws and limits of his own 
individuality. Nobody else could be Meissonier or Tenny- 
son, the two men who in our time have come nearest to 
special kinds of perfection. 



<7&6{fr 




SUMMARY. 



Mental Alertness. 
Special Perfection. 



Physical Activity. 
Efficiency for Self. 



Simple Morality a 

Matter of Course. 
Wise Living a Habit. 



Efficiency for Others. 



436 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Philip Gilbert Hamerton was born at Laneside, near Shaw, Lanca- 
shire, England, September 10, 1834. He was educated at Bromley and Don- 
caster grammar schools, and prepared by private tutors for Oxford, but a 
taste for art led him to study landscape painting in London with Mr. G. P. 
Pettit ; contributed a series of articles to the Historic Times, entitled "Rome 
in 1849," and published a work on Heraldry in 1851 ; published a volume of 
verse, " The Isles of Loch Arne, and Other Poems," in 1855, and in the same 
year went to Paris. In 1862 he published "A Painter's Camp in the High- 
lands, and Thoughts about Art ; " was a frequent contributor to The Fine 
Arts Quarterly Review, and to the Fortnightly ; was art critic of the Saturday 
Review. His other works are "Contemporary French Painters," "Painting 
in France after the Decline of Classicism," " Wenderholme, a Story of Lan- 
cashire and Yorkshire," " The Unknown River, an Etcher's Voyage of Dis- 
covery." ■' Chapters on Animals," " The Sylvan Year," " The Life of Turner," 
"The Intellectual Life," "Harry Blount," "Round My House," and "Modern 
Frenchmen." Mr. Hamerton founded the Portfolio, to which he is a frequent 
contributor, is director of the art department in the Internationa] Review, and 
is an occasional contributor to L'Art. He is honorary member of the Bur- 
lington Club, and manure protecteur of the Belgian Etching Club.] 



EXTRACTS FROM THE "INTELLECTUAL LIFE." 

By P. G. Hamerton. 

The essence of intellectual living does not reside in extent of 
science or in perfection of expression, but in a constant preference 
for higher thoughts over lower thoughts, and this preference may 
be the habit of a mind which has not any very considerable 
amount of information. . . . It is not erudition that makes 
the intellectual man, but a sort of virtue which delights in vigor- 
ous and beautiful thinking, just as moral virtue delights in vigor- 
ous and beautiful conduct. 

THE PHYSICAL BASIS. 

TO A MUSCULAR CHRISTIAN. 

Health is so much more necessary to happiness than culture, 
that few who could choose between them would sacrifice it for 

437 



P. G. HAMERTON. 

learning, unless they were impelled by irresistible instincts. And 
beyond the great delight of health and strength there is a rest- 
lessness in men born to be active which must have its outlet in 
activity. ... In every one of us there exists an animal which 
might have been as vigorous as wolves and foxes, if it had been 
left to develop itself in freedom. But besides the animal, there 
existed also a mind, and the mental activity restrained the bodily 
activity, till at last there is a serious danger of putting an end to 
it altogether. . . . The physical and intellectual lives are not 
incompatible. 

It is one of the happiest privileges of the high intellectual life 
that it can elevate us . . . to regions of disinterested thought, 
where all personal anxieties are forgotten. . . . To be able to 
see and hear well, to feel healthy sensations . . . are most 
important qualifications for the pursuit of literature, and art, and 
science. 

THE MORAL BASIS. 

The heaviest work which shows progress is not without one ele- 
ment of cheerfulness. ... Of all the toils in which men en- 
gage, none are nobler in their origin or their aim than those by 
which they endeavor to become more wise. . . . There has 
been great moral strength in all who have come to intellectual 
greatness. ... It is the triumph of discipline to overcome 
both small and great repugnances. ... I think there cannot 
be a doubt that the most essential virtue is disinterestedness. 

OF EDUCATION. 

It is only by the study of living languages, and their continual 
use, that we can learn our true place in the world. . . . True 
culture ought to strengthen the faculty of thinking, and to pro- 
vide the material upon which that noble faculty may operate. An 

438 



EXTRACTS FROM " THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE." 

accomplishment which does neither of these two things for ns is 
useless for our culture. . . . What interests you is what con- 
cerns you. ... I mean intellectually, not materially. 



THE POWER OF TIME. 

Let us determine to have soundness, that is, accurately organ- 
ized knowledge in the studies we continue to pursue, and let us 
resign ourselves to the necessity for abandoning those pursuits in 
which soundness is not to be hoped for. ... I should define 
each kind of knowledge as an organic whole, and soundness as 
the complete possession of all the essential parts. . . . Noth- 
ing is so favorable to sound culture as the definite fixing of limits. 
. . . The secret of order and proportion in our studies is the 
true secret of economy in time. . . . Nothing wastes time like 
miscalculation. . . . Interruption is an evil j . . . people 
think that an interruption is merely the unhooking of an electric 
chain, and that the current will flow when the chain is hooked on 
again just as it did before. To the intellectual and imaginative 
student an interruption is not that ; it is the destruction of a 
picture. . . . The art of reading is to skip judiciously. 
Our culture gains in thoroughness what it loses in extent. 

THE INFLUENCES OF MONEY. 

Although the pursuit of wealth is not favorable to the intellect- 
ual life, the inconveniences of poverty are even less favorable to 
it. . . . Simply to accumulate money that you are never to 
use is, from the intellectual point of view, as stupid an operation 
as can be imagined. . . . The art is to use money so that it 
shall be the protector and not the scatterer of our time, the body- 
guard of the sovereign Intellect and Will. 

439 



P. G. HAMERTON. 



CUSTOM AND TRADITION. 



Society has only one law, and that is Custom. ... What 
society really cares for is harmony. . . . It is unphilosophical 
to set ourselves obstinately against custom in the mass, for it 
multiplies the power of men by settling useless discussion and 
clearing the ground for our best and most prolific activity. . . . 
Custom may have a right to authority over your wardrobe, but 
it cannot have any right to ruin your self-respect. . . . Our 
beliefs are independent of our will, but our honesty is not. . . . 
There are gulfs of separation in homes of the most perfect love. 
Our only hope of preserving what is best in that purest of earthly 
felicities lies in the practice of an immense charity, a wide toler- 
ance, a sincere respect for opinions that are not ours, and a deep 
trust that the loyal pursuit of truth cannot but be in perfect 
accordance with the intentions of the Creator, who endowed 
the noblest races of mankind with the indefatigable curiosity of 
science. . . . The basis of high thinking is perfect honesty. 

WOMEN AND MARRIAGE. 

I believe that for an intellectual man only two courses are 
open : either he ought to marry some simple, dutiful woman, who 
will bear him children, and see to the household matters, and love 
him in a trustful spirit without jealousy of his occupations ; or 
else, on the other hand, he ought to marry some highly intelligent 
lady, able to carry her education far beyond school experiences, 
and willing to become his companion in the arduous paths of in- 
tellectual labor. 

ARISTOCRACY AND DEMOCRACY. 

Is it not that the love and pursuit of culture lead each of us out 
of his class ? ... It seems to me that the largest and best 

440 



EXTRACTS FROM '"THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE." 

minds, although they have been born and nurtured in this caste 
or that, and may continue to conform externally to its customs, 
always emancipate themselves from it intellectually, and arrive at 
a sort of neutral region, where the light is colorless, and clear, 
and equal, like plain daylight out-of-doors. . . . One of the 
most precious results of culture is the enlargement of our sympa- 
thy for others. ... A life of health, of sound morality, of 
disinterested intellectual activity, of freedom from petty cares, is 
higher than a life of disease, and vice, and stupidity, and sordid 
anxiety. 

SOCIETY AND SOLITUDE. 

Nothing is more beautiful in the intellectual life than the will- 
ingness of all cultivated people ... to communicate to others 
the results of all their toil. . . . An intellectual man may go 
into general society quite safely if only he can resist its influence 
upon his serious work ; but such resistance is difficult in matur- 
ity and impossible in youth. . . . You do right not to let it 
waste your most valuable hours, but I believe also that you do 
wrong in keeping out of it altogether. . . . Nothing can re- 
place the conversation of living men and women ; not even the 
richest literature can replace it. . . . Society is 'necessary to 
give us our share and place in the collective life of humanity, but. 
solitude is necessary to the maintenance of the individual life.. 
. . . Only in solitude do we learn our inmost nature and its 
needs. . . . The life most favorable to culture would have its 
times of open and equal intercourse with the best minds, and also 
its periods of retreat. 

INTELLECTUAL HYGIENICS. 

Among the many advantages of experience, one of the most 
valuable is that we come to know the range of our own powers, 
and if we are wise we keep contentedly within them. . . . An 

441 



P. G. HAMERTON. 

organization which was intended by nature for the intellectual life 
cannot be healthy and happy without a certain degree of intellect- 
nal activity. . . . It is with our intellectual as with our ma- 
terial wealth : we do not realize how precious some fragments of 
it might be to our poorer neighbors. . . . Rest is necessary 
to recruit your intellectual forces ; sympathy is necessary to pre- 
vent your whole nature from stiffening like a rotifer without 
moisture ; love is necessary to make life beautiful for you ; . . . 
and without amusement you will lose the gaiety which wise men 
try to keep as the best legacy of youth. . . . We read either 
to gain information, to have good thinking suggested to us, or to 
have our imagination stimulated. In the way of knowledge the 
best authors are always the most recent. . . . We are sure to 
.acquire habits ; what is important is not so much that the habits 
should be regular, as that their regularity should be of the kind 
most favorable in the long run to the accomplishment of our de- 
signs ; and this never comes by chance, it is the result of an effort 
of the will in obedience to governing wisdom. 

TRADES AND PROFESSIONS. 

The world . . . recognizes nothing short of performance, 
because the performance is what it needs, and promises are of no 
use to it. . . . Professional skill is knowledge tested and per- 
fected by practical application, and therefore has a great intel- 
lectual value. Professional life . . . brings to light every defi- 
ciency, and reveals our truest needs. . . . The life of a pro- 
gressive nation cannot long go forward exclusively on the think- 
ing of the past: its thoughtful men must not be all dead. men, 
but living men who accompany it on its course. 



442 



XLVIII. 

OPINIONS OF THREE 
WELL-KNOWN AMERICAN AUTHORS. 

ROSSITER JOHNSON, 

New York, 
Author and Editor. 

EDGAR FAWCETT, 

New York, 

Novelist. 



LAURENCE HUTTON, 

New York, 
Author and Editor. 



443 



I 



EMULATE THE BEST EXAMPLES IN AMERICAN 

HISTORY. 



MR. ROSSITER JOHNSON, 

the well-known author and editor, writes : — 

^JSrflf'F all the boys in the United States were gathered 
i- 'frSb t m one gTeat lecture-room, and I were asked to 
J|£' address them briefly, I would first explain to 
them the difference between smartness and ability, 
advising them to beware of the one as carefully as 
they cultivated the other. Then I would call their atten- 
tion to a notable saying of Solon's. When he was asked, 
" How can wrong-doing be avoided in the state ? " he an- 
swered, " By those who are not wronged feeling the same 
indignation at it as those who are." I would cite to them, 
from American history, examples of the disaster that has 
resulted when those who were not wronged failed to feel 
or express the same indignation as those who were. There 
is no danger that the American boy will not have muscle 
enough, or education enough, or business shrewdness 
enough; but there is little indication that he is being 
taught as he should be to carry the principles of morality 
into the practice of politics. The one thing that every 
American has to do with is politics, and it is the one thing 
in which thousands of conscientious people appear to 
think that no conscience is required. 



ALTRUISM. 



FALLACIES WE MUST FORGET. 




MR. EDGAR FAWCETT 

writes : — 

N my opinion, the best and most advanced forms 
of culture are those quite unshackled by tradi- 
tion. Science is the only true guide of life, as 
she is the torch of progress. Hence, if we know, it 
is surely best that we shall know thoroughly and 
with accuracy. 

In order to do this, coining generations have many 
fallacies to forget. I should say that our descendants 
must cease to connect morality with religion ; that they 
must strip national separativeness entirely from the prob- 
lem of coming civilization ; that they must cultivate the 
clear-seen requirements of a common language ; that they 
must realize the individual odium shadowing each mem- 
ber of society who stores wealth merely to have it said of 
him that he possesses more than is needful to his ordi- 
nary comforts, for in this bloodless and altruistic way, I 
believe, can the terrible differences of classes alone be 
settled. 

446 




THE PRACTICAL MAN. 



DRIVE A NAIL AND TIE A BUNDLE. 



MR. LAURENCE HUTTON 

is both "all-around" and practical. He says : — 



§OTJf5JpHAT reading maketh a full man, conference a 
ready man, and writing an exact man, is as true 
to-day as it was when Bacon wrote. But the 



coming man, if he is to approach perfection, must have 
more than reading and writing to make him full and 
exact. 

The ready man will be he who can do things with his 
hands as well as with his head. The man who cannot 
drive a nail will never become a leader of men ; the man 
who cannot tie up a bundle will never succeed in untying 
the hard knot of his own destiny. 

The most advanced forms of culture, therefore, so it 
seems to me, are not those which produce specialists in 
any branches, no matter how high the branch or the spe- 
cialist, but those which produce mechanical as well as in- 
tellectual " all-around men." 



^4^.cv^h3^ 



447 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Rossiter Johnson was born in Rochester, N. Y., January 27, 1840. His 
father was a soldier in the war of 1812. The son graduated in Rochester, 
edited Rochester Democrat and Concord, N. H., Statesman. In 1873 asso- 
ciated with Ripley and Dana in editing "American Cyclopaedia" and in 1879 
with Gay in "History of the United States." Became editor of "Annual 
Cyclopaedia," devised and edited series of "Little Classics," edited "Works 
of British Poets," "Famous Single Poems," and, with C. A. Dana, "Fifty Per- 
fect Poems." Is author of " Phaeton Rogers," " History of the War of 1812," 
" History of the French War," " Idler and Poet," " Short History of the War 
of Secession," "The End of a Rainbow," and other works. His wife, Helen 
Kendrick, is also an author.] 



[Edgar Fawcett was born in New York city May 26, 1847, and graduated 
at Columbia College in 1867. His works include " Short Poems for Short 
People," 1871; " Purple and Fine Linen," 1873; "Ellen Story," 1876; 
" Poems of Fantasy and Passion," 1878 ; "A Hopeless Case," 1881 ; " A Gen- 
tleman of Leisure," 1882 ; "An Ambitious Woman," 1883 ; " Song and Story," 
poems, "Tinkling Cymbals," and "The Adventures of a Widow," 1884; 
" Rutherford," 1884; " The Buntling Ball," an anonymous satire in verse, and 
"The New King Arthur," an opera libretto, 1884-5; "Social Silhouettes," 
1885 ; " Romance and Revery," 1886 ; and " The House at High Bridge," 1887. 
He has also written a successful play, "A False Friend."] 



[Laurence Hutton was born in New York city August 8, 1843. He was 
educated in New York, travelled extensively in Europe, and spent several 
summers in London. Has written for the press, and has contributed to 
various periodicals. His published works are "Plays and Players," 1875 ; 
"Literary Landmarks of London," 1885; has edited "Artists of the Nine- 
teenth Century "with Clara Erskine Clement, 1879; "The American Actor 
•Series," 1881-2; "Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United 
States" with Brander Matthews, 1886, and "John Bernard's Retrospection 
of America " with Brander Matthews, 1886. He has also compiled " Opening 
Addresses of the American Stage," 1886.] 



448 



XLIX. 

GOETHE. 

DR. TITUS MUNSON COAN, 

New York, 
Physician, Author, Poet, Editor. 



449 



GOETHE AS THE IDEAL. 



THE CLUB MAN'S NOTION. 



DR. TITUS MUNSON COAN says: 



% wy&? 



ljP§M CLUB man gave me his notion of a perfect man 
| j»g«g last night — "A tinge of art, a tinge of science, and 
§||sf morality enough to keep him out of state-prison." 
*jj?^ But abstract definitions are of little use, and a "per- 
I feet " man is a pedantic impossibility. Among many 
great and admirable modern men, I think one of the first 
was Goethe. 




L/Ctssd jh^A^yiA^rri \^c 



crosr^ 



SUMMARY. 

The following is suggested as a summary of the qualities of Goethe, cer- 
tainly one of the first among modern men : — 

The Highest Purpose. 
Persistent Observation of Nature. 
Genius, both Poetic and Critical. 
Grand Ideas. 

Great Energy. 
Perfect Health. 

Broad Sympathies. 

Fine ^Esthetic Sensibilities. 

Immense Love. 
451 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Titus Munson Coan, the son of a missionary, was born in Hilo, Hawaiian 
Islands, in 1841 ; educated at Honolulu, spent a year at Yale, and graduated at 
Williams College ; he studied medicine in New York city and was assistant 
surgeon in the navy. He has contributed literary, critical, and medical papers, 
and poems to various periodicals; has published in book form " Ounces of 
Prevention," and edited " Topics of the Time. "3 



-^=S>^S=^r^ 



GOETHE MAXIMS. 



It is not enough to take steps which may sometimes lead to 
an aim j each step must be in the right direction, and, at the same 
time, with each some separate object must be attained. 

Truly the most important part of a man's life is that of develop- 
ment. . . . Later begins the conflict with the world, and that 
is interesting only in its results. 

Man can conform perfectly to that situation only in which and 
for which he was born. He who is not led abroad by a great ob- 
ject is far happier at home. 

The most reasonable way is to follow one's own vocation — do 
what you were born or have learned to do, and avoid hindering 
others from doing the same. 

Taste should be educated by contemplation, not of the tolerably 
good, but of the truly excellent. 

For it is by conflict with natures opposed to his own that a man 
learns to show himself a man. Thus only can the various sides 
of the character be brought out, till it attains a certain complete- 
ness, and the man feels sure of himself in opposition to any and 
every man. 

Beware of dissipating your powers ; strive constantly to con- 
centrate them. 

Life is short ; we must miss no opportunity of giving pleasure 

to one another. 

452 



C40ETHE MAXDIS. 

Fill your niind and heart, however large, with the ideas and 
sentiments of your age, and the work will follow. 

We should guard against a talent which we cannot hope to 
practise in perfection. Improve it as we may, we shall always, in 
the end, when the merit of the master has become apparent to 
us, painfully lament the loss of time and strength devoted to 
botching it. 

To know how to enjoy little and endure much is the secret of 
living. 

DISTICH. 

"Who is the happiest of men ? He who values the merits of others, 
And in their pleasure takes joy, even as though 'twere his own. 

FIVE THDsGS. 

What makes time short to me ? 

Activity ! 

What makes it long and spiritless ? 

'Tis idleness ! 

What brings us to debt ? 

To delay and forget ! 

What makes us succeed ? 

Decision with speed ! 

How to fame to ascend ? 

One's self to defend ! 

SPIRIT SOXG OVER THE WATERS. 

The soul of man 
Kesembleth water : 
From heaven it cometh, 
To heaven it soareth, 
453 



TITUS MUNSON COAN. 

And then again 

To earth descendeth, 

Changing ever. 

Spirit of man, 

Thou art like unto water ! 

Fortune of man, 

Thou art like unto wind ! 

THE BOUNDARIES OF HUMANITY. 

For with immortals 

Ne'er may a mortal 

Measure himself. 

If he soar upwards 

And if he touch 

With his forehead the stars, 

Nowhere will rest then 

His insecure feet, 

And with him sport 

Tempest and cloud. 

Though with firm, sinewy 

Limbs he may stand 

On the enduring 

Well-grounded earth, 

All he is ever 

Able to do, 

Is to resemble 

The oak or the vine. 

ROYAL PRAYER. 

Ha ! I am the lord of earth ! The noble, 
Who're in my service, love me. 
454 



GOETHE MAXEUS. 



Ha ! I am lord of the earth ! The noble. 
O'er whom my sway extendeth, love I. 
Oh, grant me, God in heaven, that I may ne'er 
Dispense with loftiness and love ! 



HUMAN FEELES'GS. 

Ah, ye gods ! ye great immortals 
In the spacious heavens above us ! 
Would ye on this earth but give us 
Steadfast minds and dauntless courage, 
"We, O kindly ones, would leave you 
All your spacious heavens above us ! 



THE RUEE OF LIFE. 

If thou wouldst, unruffled by care, 

Let not the past torment thee e'er, 

As little as possible be thou annoyed, 

And let the present be ever enjoyed; 

Ne'er let thy breast with hate be supplied, 

And to God the future confid . 

If wealth is gone, — then something is gone ! 

Quick, make up thy mind, 

And fresh wealth find. 

If honor is gone, — then much is gone ! 

Seek glory to find, 

And people then will alter their mind. 

If courage is gone, — then all is gone ! 

'Twere better that thou hadst never been bom. 



455 



TITUS MUNSON COAN. 



POETRY 



God to His untaught children sent 

Law, order, knowledge, art, from high, 
And every heavenly favor lent, 

The world's hard lot to qualify. 
They knew not how they should behave, 

For all from heaven stark-naked came ; 
But Poetry their garments gave, 

And then not one had cause for shame. 

A PLAN THE MUSES ENTERTAINED. 

A plan the muses entertained, 
Methodically to impart 
To Psyche the poetic art. 
Prosaic-pure her soul remained ; 
No wondrous sounds escaped her lyre, 
E'en in the fairest summer night ; 
But Amor came with glance of fire, — 
The lesson soon was learned aright. 

FOUR THINGS TO REMEMBER. 

The remembrance of the Good 
Keeps us ever glad in mood. 
The remembrance of the Fair 
Makes a mortal rapture share. 
The remembrance of one's Love 
Blest is, if it constant prove. 
The remembrance of the One 
Is the greatest joy that's known. 

456 



LIVE MAXIMS BY AMERICAN AUTHORS. 



EDWARD EVERETT HALE, D.D. 

THEODORE T. MUNGER, D.D. 

WILLIAM MATTHEWS, LL.D. 

N. P. GILMAN. 



EDWARD EVERETT HALE, D.D. 

FROM " WHAT CAREER ? " 

Distrust all charlatans who teil you that they have a patent 
process to fit you for any one career in life. 

Do well what you do. 

And, above all, do not blow your own trumpets ; nor, which is 
the same thing, ask other people to blow them. No trumpeter 
ever rose to be a general. 

If the power to lead is in you, other men will follow. 

The man is made more perfect and more, not by his deftness in 
this handicraft, or his knack in that trade ; but as one part of 
his being is thoroughly wrought in with another part, body with 
mind, and mind with soul. 

No more work is to be done in a day than the night's sleep will 
recover from. 

457 



THEODORE T. MUNGER. 

Each vision, each emotion, each thought, each step, each act, 
and each word thus combine in the necessary processes of human 
life to make up the rock which we call character. 

The standing difficulty in the long run is not want of places, 
but want of men. 

THEODORE T. MUNGER, D.D. 

{Pastor of the First Congregational Church, New Haven.) 
FROM "ON THE THRESHOLD."* 

To aim at a far end rather than a near one ; to live under a 
purpose rather than under impulse ; to set aside the thought of 
enjoyment, and get to thinking of attainment; to conceive of life 
as a race instead of a drift. 

A purpose is the eternal condition of success. 

Cultivate yourself. 

Determine that not a power shall go to waste ; that every fac- 
ulty shall do its utmost and reach its highest. 

Better be born blind than not see the glory of life. 

If I could get the ear of every young man for but one word, it 
would be this : Make the most and the best of yourself. 

Listen evermore to conscience. 

Love with all love's divine capacity and quality. 

Make friends early in life, else you will never have them. 

Hold fast to your friends. 

Friendship between those of the same age is sweeter, but friendship 
with elders is more useful, or, rather, they supplement each other. 

Avoid having many confidants. 

Choose your companions wisely, and your friendships will come 

about naturally. 

* Published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. This book and Gilman's "Laws 
of Conduct " are the two best books on the subjects of which they treat. 

458 



MAXIMS BY AMERICAN AUTHORS. 

Companionship must be on a level morally, though it need not 
be intellectually. 

Seek always the superior man. 

There is no girdle that will hold a man together and make him 
a person but the truth. 

Truthfulness is the chastity of men ■ when once sacrificed, caste 
is forever lost. 

If truth is the foundation and kindness is the superstructure of 
the gentleman, honor is his atmosphere. 

Tarnished honor in man or woman is the one stain that cannot 
be washed out. 

The gentleman is largely dowered with forbearance. 

I begin by insisting on the importance of having money. 

Nearly all the virtues play about the use of money — honesty, 
justice, , generosity, charity, frugality, forethought, self-sacrifice. 

It is a great part of this battle of life to keep a good heart. 

Avoid a self-indulgent spending of money. 

Thrift divides the prizes of life to those who deserve them. 

Have a thorough knowledge of your affairs ; leave nothing at 
loose ends ; be exact in every business transaction. 

Spend upward — that is, for the higher faculties. Speed for the 
mind rather than for the body ; for culture rather than for 
amusement. 

No man is self-reliant, or has intelligent courage, until he has 
come to a thorough sense of himself. 

Necessity is the spur to self-reliance ; a noble pride and self- 
respect are its atmosphere. 

The heaviest words in our language are those two brief- 
est ones; yes and no. One stands for the surrender of the will, 
the other for denial; one for gratification, the other for char- 
acter. 

The vices are hardly more the result of appetite than of custom. 

459 



THEODORE T. MUXGER. 

There have been periods and communities in which nearly all 
were pure and temperate ; it was the custom. 

Cultivate a sense of personal dignity, — have bounds to famil- 
iarity. 

Refined manners forbid excessive familiarity, not simply as 
good manners, but because they contribute to selfhood. Hence 
the well-bred scrupulously respect each other's persons, down to 
the smallest particular. 

To make popularity a guide is to come into middle life weak, 
and into age crippled. Self evaporates under the process, and 
when the flattering voices have died out — there being no longer 
anything to appeal to them — emptiness and weariness are all that 
remain. There is no old age that is so horrible as that of one who 
has lived on popular applause. 

Keep steadily before you the fact that all true success depends 
at last upon yourself. 

By success I mean a full manhood and its inherent peace. 

I would have you regard courage as nearly the supreme quality 
in character. . . . It is the quality by which one rises in the 
hue of each faculty ; it is the wings that turn dull plodding into 
flight. It is courage especially that redeems life from the curse 
of commonness. 

Nothing can be more personal, more literally and strictly vital, 
than bodily health. It is the first and the perpetual condition of 
success. 

Avoid whatever tends to lessen vitality. 

Nothing more surely cuts away and undermines the vital forces 
than worry and anxiety, however caused. 

The passions of anger, hatred, grief, and fear ... Dr. Richard- 
son puts . . . among the influences most destructive of vitality. 
" The strongest," he says, " cannot afford to indulge in them." 



460 



MAXIMS BY AMERICAN AUTHORS. 

WILLIAM MATTHEWS, LL.D. 

(Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Chicago.) 

FROM "GETTING OX IX THE WORLD; OR, HINTS OX SUCCESS EST 

LIFE." * 

What a man does is the real test of what a man is. 

Never desert your true sphere, your otto, line of talent. 

The man who would know one thing well must have the cour- 
age to be ignorant of a thousand other things. 

The man who would get along must single out his specialty, 
and into that must pour the whole stream of his activity — all the 
energies of his hand, eye, tongue, heart, and brain. 

Of all the elements of success none is more vital than self-reli- 
ance. 

It cannot be too often repeated that it is not helps, but obstacles, 
not facilities, but difficulties, that make men. 

Specialties are the open sesame to wealth. 

Nothing is more fatal to self-advancement than a stupid con- 
servatism or servile imitation. 

Be true to yourself, if you would have the world true to you. 

The crown of all faculties is common sense. 

A true gentleman is recognized by his regard for the rights and 
feelings of others, even in matters the most trivial. 

Civility is to a man what beauty is to a woman. 

True courage and courtesy go hand in hand. 

Punctuality should be made not only a point of courtesy, but 
a point of conscience. 

The successful men in every calling have had a keen sense of 
the value of time. 

* A good book for young business men. S. C. Griggs & Co., Chicago. 

461 



NICHOLAS PAINE GILMAN. 

NICHOLAS PAINE GILMAN. 

(Editor of " The Literary World" Boston.) 
FROM "THE LAWS OF CONDUCT."* 

As a practical guide to morality, the work of Nicholas Paine 
Gilman, "Laws of Daily Conduct, 1 ' will be found useful. He 
treats of the Law of Justice, the Law of Kindness, and the Law 
of Honor ; of Truthfulness, Self-control and Work. 

Justice is giving every man his due. Our duties are what we 
owe to others j our rights are what others owe to us. Their rights 
are our duties, their duties are our rights. Right means going 
straight by the rule or measure ; the crooked line is the emblem 
of conduct that obeys no law. Selfishness is taking too much. 
Justice and selfishness are the two extremes of action. A true 
selfhood is just to all. 

Kindness is the word that stands for good feeling, selfhood, and 
sympathy ; feeling for one's self and f eeling for others are the two 
poles on which the world revolves. When men act and speak and 
think and feel out of a generous, merciful, peaceful, kindly spirit, 
then the highest level here upon earth is attained — human nature 
comes to its finest flower. 

Honorable people are those who live according to the law of 
honor, which is the finest sense of justice that the human mind 
can frame. One man's bent may be his own self-interest or the 
gratification of his passions, whether for his interest or not. He 
may care little for public opinion when the law says nothing, may 
lie, cheat, steal, or break his promises when he thinks it is for his 
advantage. Laws are passed against such men, who are savages 
and barbarians — who are survivals from the times before morality. 

* Published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. 
462 



MAXIMS BY AMERICAN AUTHORS. 

At the other extreme in human society are the men and women 
who see that the statutes are but imperfect attempts to carry out 
the full moral law, and the highest minds and the best hearts per- 
ceive and feel it. They keep the peace ; they tell the truth ; their 
promises are as good as contracts ; they pay regard to the rights 
of others. To live in this way is to live under the law of honor. 
Honor forbids cheating a corporation. Pay your car-fare. Build 
life upon honor. When you feel your honor grip, let that be your 
border. 

Self-control means restraint of the lower self. The higher self 
is to take the lower self in hand and show its own ability to shape 
thought, feeling, and action toward an ideal excellence. 

Our ability to tell the truth, to do honest actions, or to conduct 
ourselves graciously toward others is a power that grows with use, 
and the good art becomes easier to us each time we do it. 

Worli carries with it such excellencies of character as Industry, 
Punctuality, Orderliness, Intelligence, and Economy. The idle, 
the careless, the disorderly, the unwilling to learn, are a burden 
on the industrious, the careful, the orderly, and the intelligent. 

Before any good act is performed, before any noble quality is 
attained, it must be thought of and aspired to. 

Let us not sound the praises of industry, cheerfulness, forbear- 
ance, generosity, and immediately proceed to the indulgence of 
idleness, ill-temper, impatience, and selfishness. 

Why should man, the apex in the pyramid of being, be less 
obedient to the laws of his existence, less faithful to his duty, than 
the wheels of his watch, than the ant or the bee, than the mi- 
nutest atom that helps to hold the universe together and keep it 
in harmonious motion ? 

Does it require more cleverness, ability, energy, to do wrong 
than to do right ? ... To do right requires effort, power j to 
do wrong generally requires neither. 

463 



NICHOLAS PAINE GILMAN. 

The essential spirit of morality is self-control by reason. 

Freedom is self -direction. The two diseases of the will are in- 
decision, or weakness of will, and wilfulness, or ' unregulated 
strength of will. The cure for both is self-direction. 

All human undertakings must finally rest upon reality, and cor- 
respond to fact; every departure from fact means for all men loss 
and harm. 

The good man, morally speaking, is always good for something. 

Magnanimity is the end to be sought in all discourse of honor. 
The mind great in virtue, if not in talent, is strong, healthy, and 
serene ; but parvanimity implies weakness, disease, and distress. 
" This is a manly world we live in. Our reverence is good for 
nothing if it does not begin with self-respect." (0. W. Holmes.) 

The "gentleman" and the "lady" show the excellence of refine- 
ment in conduct, Courtesy, which once meant the manners of 
court, where the nobility lived in wealth and leisure, is the flower 
of right-doing, a flower which any one may cultivate. 

Strength is one of the two things which all men desire. But 
Beauty, the other thing universally desired, comes into human 
actions with kindness. 

"Pegging away" at one's own mental deficiencies will produce 
astonishing results. If only an hour or a half -hour a day is spent 
on some really great book, instead of being nearly wasted on the 
newspaper, the result of a few months' perseverance is most en- 
couraging. 

If there is any way to store tip in ourselves moral strength and 
beauty, which are demanded by the life in common, surely the 
knowledge of it is most desirable. 

We can remake ourselves to an indefinite extent, inside the limits 
of human nature, and the method is the formation of other habits. 

Sweetness and light — we can give a small portion of these to one 
another every day, making the burdens easier and the path plainer. 

464 



RETROSPECTIVE. 

As illustrations of self-culture and the art of character-building 
a hundred years ago, we append extracts from the works of two 
famous Americans of the last century, Benjamin Franklin and 
Jonathan Edwards. 



It was about this time I conceived the bold and arduous proj- 
ect of arriving at moral perfection. I wished to live without com- 
mitting any fault at any time, and to conquer all that either 
natural inclination, custom, or company might lead me into. As 
I knew, or thought I knew, what was right and wrong, I did not 
see why I might not always do the one and avoid the other. But 
I soon found I had undertaken a task of more difficulty than I 
had imagined. While my attention was taken up and care em- 
ployed in guarding against one fault, I was often surprised by an- 
other ; habit took the advantage of inattention ; inclination was 
sometimes too strong for reason. I concluded at length that the 
mere speculative conviction, that it was our interest to be com- 
pletely virtuous, was not sufficient to prevent our slipping : and 
that the contrary habits must be broken, and good ones acquired 
and established, before we can have any dependence on a steady, 
uniform rectitude of conduct. Following is the list, with their 
maxims : 

1. Temperance. — Eat not to dulness ; drink not to elevation. 

2. Silence. — Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself ; 
avoid trifling conversation. 

3. Order. — Let all your things have their places ; let each part 
of your business have its time. 

4. Resolution. — Resolve to perform what you ought ; perform 

without fail what you resolve. 

465 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN — JONATHAN EDWARDS. 

5. Frugality. — Make no expense but to do good to others or 
yourself ; that is, waste nothing. 

6. Industry. — Lose no time ; be always employed in something 
useful ; cut off all unnecessary actions. 

7. Sincerity. — Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and 
justly ; and, if you speak, speak accordingly. 

8. Justice. — Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the 
benefits that are your duty. 

9. Moderation. — Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries, 
so much as you think they deserve. 

10. Cleanliness. — Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, 
or habitation. 

11. Tranquillity. — Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents 
common or unavoidable. 

12. Chastity. . . . 

13. Humility. — Imitate Jesus and Socrates. 

My intention being to acquire the habitude of all these, I judged 
it would be well not to distract my attention by attempting the 
whole at once, but to fix it on one of them at a time ; and when I 
should be master of that, then to proceed to another ; and so on, 
till I should have gone through the thirteen. 

MAXIMS OF JONATHAN EDWARDS. 

(Selected from the "Besolutions.") 

Never lose one moment of time, but improve it in the most prof- 
itable way I possibly can. 

Live with all my might while I do live. 
Endeavor to find out fit objects of charity and liberality. 
Never do anything out of revenge. 

Maintain the strictest temperance in eating and drinking. 
Never do anything which, if I should see in another, I should 

466 



RETROSPECTIVE. 

account a just occasion to despise him for, or to think anyway the 
more meanly of him. 

Endeavor to obtain for myself as much happiness in the other 
world as I possibly can, with all the might, power, vigor, and ve- 
hemence, yea, violence, I am capable of, or can bring myself to 
exert, in any way that can be thought of. 

Xever say anything at all against anybody, but when it is per- 
fectly agreeable to the highest degree of Christian honor, and of 
love to mankind • agreeable to the lowest kmnility. and sense of 
my own faults and failings ; and agreeable to the Golden Rule. 

In narrations, never speak anything but the piu'e and simple 
verity. 

Xever allow the least measure of fretting or uneasiness at my 
father or mother. Suffer no effects of it, so much as in the least 
alteration of speech, or motion of my eye ; and be especially care- 
ful of it with respect to any of our family. 

Endeavor to my utmost to decry whatever is not most agreeable 
to a good and universally sweet and benevolent, quiet, peaceable, 
contented and easy, compassionate and generous, humble and 
meek, submissive and obliging, diligent and industrious, charitable 
and even, patient, moderate, forgiving, and sincere temper. 

Xever give over, nor in the least slacken, my fight with my cor- 
ruptions, however unsuccessful I may Vie. 

Xot only refrain from an ah* of dislike, fretfulness, and anger in 
conversation ; but exhibit an ah' of love, cheerfulness, and benig- 
nity. 

When I am most conscious of provocations to ill-nature and 
anger, strive most to feel and act good-naturedly ; yea, at such 
times manifest good-nature, though I think that in other respects 
it would be disadvantageous, and so as it would be imprudent at 
other times. 

Let there be something of benevolence in all that I speak. 

467 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

So live that when thy summons comes to join 
The innumerable caravan which moves 
To that mysterious realm where each shall take 
His chamber in the silent halls of death, 
Thou go not, like the quarry-slave at night, 
Scourged to his dungeon ; but sustained and soothed 
By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave, 
Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch 
About him and lies down to pleasant dreams. 

W. C. Bryant 

We shut our eyes, the flowers bloom on y 
We murmur, but the corn-ears fill ; 

We choose the shadow, but the sun 
That casts it, shines behind us still. 

J. G. WMttier. 

Could I but live again, 

Twice my life over, 
Would I once strive again ? 

Would not I cover 
Quietly all of it — 

Greed and ambition — 

So, from the pall of it, 

Pass to fruition ? 

Robert Browning. 

Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control, 
These three alone lead man to sovereign power. 

Alfred Tennyson. 

Character is higher than intellect. 

E. W. Emerson. 
468 



LI. 

OPINIONS IN BRIEF. 

EDMUND GOSSE. W. W. IRELAND. 

HENRY IRVING. EDWIN LESTER ARNOLD. 

DOUGLAS SLADEN. G. SERGI. 

W. E. NORRIS. B. F. LIEBER. 

JEROME ALLEN. JOSEPH PARKER. 

CHARLES BARNARD. 



469 



FROM A CRITIC. 



MR. EDMUND GOSSE 

writes : — 

^HE adroitness winch evades censnre, the assurance 

which takes the heart out of critical attack, and the 

serenity which suppresses the dangerous instincts of 

speech and action. 

EDMUXD GOSSE. 



THE GREAT ACTOR INTERESTED. 

HENRY IRVING 

sends the following : — 



AM very sorry I cannot join in the symposium 
to which you have so courteously invited me, 
for I do not feel equal to the responsibility of 
expressing positive opinions on such momentous topics. 

At the same time, I am impatient to read what others 
may say. and also to profit. 

Faithfully yours, 

HEXRY IRVIXO. 



471 



PERICLES THE MODEL. 

MR. DOUGLAS SLADEN, 

editor of "The Younger American Poets," writes as follows : — 

^|Y ideal of the perfect man is a Pericles ; masterful, 
intellectual, patriotic. 



DOUGLAS SLADEN. 



SILENCE. 

MR. W. E. NORRIS, 

the popular novelist, says : — 

BPlfF I might make so bold as to answer one of your 
questions, "What is the best counsel for the 
young man of to-day ! " I would venture to sug- 
gest to that young man that he should cultivate the 
faculty of silence, which is scarcely held in the es- 
teem that it merits to-day. If only he can manage to re- 
frain from talking about subjects with which he is imper- 
fectly acquainted, he will at least avoid making a fool of 
himself. And that, after all, may be regarded as an achieve- 
ment. 

Believe me, dear sir, very faithfuUy yours, 

W. E. NOREIS. 



472 



EDUCATION 



MR. JEROME ALLEN, 

Director of the School of Pedagogy in the University of the 
City of Xew York, writes : — 

g|j§j HE coming man will teach boys to become men, and 

\H' girls to become women. 

JEROME ALLEN. 




OUR WORST ENEMIES. 

DR. W. W. IRELAND, 

the eminent English neurologist, writes us from Preston Lodge, 
East Lothian, Scotland : — 

HE best form of culture is that which gives healthy 
exercise to all a man's faculties, all his mental 
powers, all his attitudes, and all his muscular ac- 
tivities. Xo healthy desire should be repressed. He 
should be directed to acquire a knowledge of his own 
powers and capacities, of the nature of his body and of the 
world in which he lives, what is past and what is likely to 
come. He should seek wisdom through knowledge. The 
great enemy of the coming young man is the pedantic 
teacher who seeks to load his memory with words no 
longer used for any living purpose, and the irresponsible 
examiner who magnifies the importance of his own spe- 
cialty and wastes the mental energy of young men upon 
useless problems, and sickens his memory by forcing him 
to commit needless details to heart. 

W. W. IRELAND. 



TOO MUCH CULTURE ALREADY. 

EDWIN LESTER ARNOLD, 

^ . author, London, writes : — 



fm | HE highest forms of culture are those, it seems to 
me, which are best calculated to develop from the 



f&* instinctive worth, latent in every human heart 

T without exception, the best citizens and the truest 

gentlemen. 

Let us keep in view the fact that we are the image of 

the godhead, and not tailors' dummies ; that there is more 

wisdom very often in an Arcadian simplicity than in 

making one's mind a common chute for all the rubbish of 

a vainglorious age. 

I am, sir, yours obediently, 

EDWIN LESTER ARNOLD. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE CHARACTER. 

PROFESSOR C. SERGI 

writes us from the University of Rome, Italy, in favor of force 
and faith. 

fflju HAT are the qualities most essential to the de- 
sgjjjjjl velopment of the perfect man or for the all- 
Sjp around development of the human being? 
jjXjv Persistence is necessary to overcome obstacles, 
t courage takes us through dangers and pains. We 
must seek liberation from fantastic and superstitious 
fears, respect others without adulation, balance our ego- 
ism and altruism, push further the education of the in- 
tellect and the sentiments. The final perfection lies in 

moral conduct. Gr. SERGI. 

474 



HOME INFLUENCE. 



B. FRANKLIN LIEBER 



writes : — 




HE father's counsel, the mother's love, the sis- 
ter's affection, the brother's interest, exercise a 
powerful influence. The father must set an ex- 
ample that the son will emulate, and the mother teach 
him the lesson of love, purity, and devotion. 

We can all ameliorate our condition in life and achieve 
some good end. Xo matter how often vanquished, we 
should always consider the goal can yet be reached. 

B. FRANKLIN LIEBER. 



DR. JOSEPH PARKER'S ORACLE. 



THE REV. DR. JOSEPH PARKER, 

the famous London preacher, writes : — 

I»|eRFECT QUALITIES. 



[In Webster's dictionary we find these to be the fol- 
lowing: Complete, finished, consummate, fully informed, 



I skillful, accomplished, pure, blameless. 



JOSEPH PARKER. 



475 



WHAT THE COMING MAN WILL DO. 



MR. CHARLES BARNARD, 




the popular dramatist, author of " The County Fair " and " The 
Country Circus," writes : — 



JN my opinion the coming man will not Took back- 
ward. In education he will look forward and not 
backward. 

The coming man will have enhanced powers and 
increased facilities of expression. 

The coming man will do right because it is more agree- 
able to do so. 

The coming man will do less manual labor, work a less 
number of hours, and win choose his trade or profession 
because he likes it and not because it is profitable. He 
will work from pleasure rather than for money. 
He will be more cheerful and light-hearted. 
He will be more artistic and less business-like. 
The physical well-being of the people will be enor- 
mously increased — mere luxury will be discouraged. 

The coming man will have more and better food, and 
in greater variety. Living, clothing, and housing will be 
cheaper — and life more comfortable for the majority of 

men. 

CHARLES BAENAED. 



476 



LII. 
SYMPATHY. 

RIGHT HON. A. J. BALFOUR, LL.D., F.R.S., 

Edinburgh, 
Leader of the House of Commons, First Lord of the Treasury. 



479 



" r 
























€np'dftom ^Aatoi. ex/inciity /ov "Jclcak o/^c/c. " Gfiyfyfa J#q2 &y 6. -31. ~@7<eaL 



BALFOUR'S GREAT MOTIVE. 



IS SYMPATHY THE MOST POTENT FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF 
THE RACE ? 



NOT ONE BUT A THOUSAND LIVES ARE HIS 
WHO CARRIES THE WORLD IN HIS SYMPATHIES. 



THE RT. HON. ARTHUR J. BALFOUR 

writes : — 




THINK you will probably not disagree with Hie 
that if questions of such generality as " What 
is the most potent factor in the moral develop- 
ment of the human race ? " are to be put at all, they can 
hardly be answered in an article of nine hundred words. 
I entertain grave doubts, however, whether the scientific 
problems connected with ethics can be best approached in 
this manner, though of course there can be no doubt that 
sympathy is the most powerful motive for ah unselfish 

effort, 

ARTHUR J. BALFOUR. 



481 



BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE. 

["A man of study, thought, and literature," were the words used some six 
years ago by the Eight Honorable John Morlcy, in the course of a public ad- 
dress, to describe Mr. Arthur Balfour, who has just been appointed First Lord 
of the Treasury, and leader of the House of Commons. Mr. Morley, on the 
same occasion, took the opportunity to pay a warm tribute to the " acute in- 
telligence " and " (Juick perception " of the man who is his principal opponent 
in Parliament. The soundness of the judgment which the home-rule leader 
then passed upon Mr. Balfour has since been strikingly demonstrated by the 
remarkable ease with which the latter has grasped and mastered the most ab- 
struse and perplexing questions that have come before the Government and the 
people at large during the last ten or fifteen years. As Chairman of the Com- 
mission on Currency, seven or eight years ago, he astonished his colleagues, as 
well as the scientists and men of business who appeared before him, by the 
extent and thoroughness of his knowledge of this very difficult question, which 
so few really ever understand. His remarkable essay on the foundations of 
belief, entitled "A Defence of Philosophic Doubt," gave evidence of great 
erudition as well as much originality of mind ; while during his term of office 
as Secretary for Ireland he has won the respect and admiration even of the 
Nationalist members by his masterly conduct of the debates in connection 
with those terribly complicated measures that he has devised for the amelio- 
ration of the condition of the Emerald Isle. A voracious reader, it is probable 
that much of the wonderful store of knowledge and experience that he pos- 
sesses is derived from his dear books. Mr. Gladstone has often been heard to 
remark that Arthur Balfour and Lord Rosebery were the only two young men 
that he knew who bought books. Balfour's town house in Carlton Gardens, 
as well as Whittinghame — his place in Scotland — is stocked from cellar to 
garret with books ; and on more than one occasion he has been known to 
keep tile entire cabinet waiting, and to thus arrest the progress of affairs, 
in consequence of his having become so interested in some book or other 
that he had actually forgotten the hour set for the meeting of the ministerial 
council. 

It was under the guidance of Lord Salisbury that he may be said to have 
commenced his political career ; and as late as eleven years ago he was still 
filling the somewhat subordinate office of assistant private secretary to his 
uncle, whom he accompanied to Berlin at the time of the Berlin Congress. 
Subsequently, on the accession to power of the Liberals in 1880, he joined 
Lord Randolph Churchill, and, together with Sir John Gorst and Sir Henry 
Drummond Wolff, formed that famous Fourth Party, whose guerrilla tactics 
of warfare and independence of control added so many gray hairs to the head 
of the Tory leader, Sir Stafford Northcote. In 1885, when Lord Salisbury 
formed his first cabinet, Mr. Balfour was appointed President of the Local 
Government Board. In 1886 he became Secretary for Scotland, and a year 
later Secretary for Ireland. The acceptance of the latter office had until then 
always been regarded as equivalent to political suicide, for it was an axiom 
of modern English politics that no man could ever achieve success as Irish 

482 



EXTRACTS FROM THE WORKS OF A. J. BALFOUR. 

Secretary. Mr. Balfour is the first man who has proved an exception to the 
rule, by making the Irish Secretaryship a stepping-stone to the leadership of 
the House, to the First Lordship of the Treasury, and ultimately to the office 
of Prime Minister of the vast British Empire. — F. C. O., in Harper's Weekly.] 



EXTRACTS FROM THE WORKS OF A. J. BALFOUR, 

THE RELIGION OF HUMANITY. 

Conceive for one moment what an infinitely better and happier 
world it would be if every action in it were directed by a reason- 
able desire for the agent's happiness ! Excess of all kinds, 
drunkenness and its attendant ills, would vanish ; disease would 
"be enormously mitigated ; nine-tenths of the petty vexations which 
embitter domestic life would be smoothed away ; the competition 
for wealth woidd be lessened, for wealth woidd be rated at no 
more than the quantity of pleasure which it is capable of purchas- 
ing for its possessor : the sympathetic emotions would be sedu- 
lously cultivated, as among those least subject to weariness and 
satiety ; while self-sacrifice would be practised as the last refine- 
ment of a judicious luxury. 

In the work of building up a perfected humanity, every one 
may bear a part. Xone indeed can do much, yet all may do some- 
thing. During his brief journey from nothingness to nothing- 
ness, each man may add his pebble to the slowly rising founda- 
tions of an ideal world, content to pass into eternal darkness if he 
has hastened by a moment the advent of the golden age which, 
though he will not live to see it, yet must surely come. 



48ti 



MAXIMS FOR MEN OF ACTION. 

BY SIR F. F. BUXTON. 

Mankind in general mistake difficulties for impossibilities. That 
is the difference between those who effect and those who do not. 

People of weak judgment are the most timid, as horses half -blind 
are most apt to start. 

My experience, that men of great talents are apt to do nothing 
for want of vigor. , 

Vigor, energy, resolution, firmness of purpose — these carry the 
day. 

Is there one whom difficulties dishearten — who bends to the 
storm? He will do little. Is there one who will conquer? That 
man never fails. 

Let it be your first study to teach the world that you are not 
wood and straw — some iron in you. 

Let men know that what you say you will do ; that your de- 
cision, once made, is final — no wavering ; that once resolved, you 
are not to be allured nor intimidated. 

Acquire and maintain that character. 

Eloquence — the most useful talent ; one to be acquired or im- 
proved ; all the great speakers bad at first. — How to be acquired. 

Write your speeches — no inspiration. 

Labor to put your thoughts in the clearest view. 

A bold, decided outline. 

Read multum non multa — homo unius libri [much, not many- 
things — a man of one book.] 

Learn by heart everything which strikes you. 

Thus ends my lecture : nineteen out of twenty become good or 
bad as they choose to make themselves. 

The most important part of your education is that which you 
now give yourselves. 



484 



LIII. 

LOVE OF TRUTH. 

MAJOR-GEXERAL G. G. ALEXANDER, 

London, England, 
Major-General British Army, and Author. 



485 



PERSONAL VIRTUE. 



CARRY OUT THE TRUE, ELIMINATE THE FALSE. 



MAJOR-GENERAL G. G. ALEXANDER, 




author of "Confucius the Great Teacher," and an authority 
on Chinese ethics, writes : — 



\KEi attributes of perfect manhood are health, 
courage combined with caution, unselfishness, 
endurance, benevolence regulated by judgment, 
purity, perseverance to overcome, patience, submission to 
divine law. 

The best types are those among the great teachers, 
rulers, and leaders of mankind who have done most to 
regulate the society in which they lived. 

The Chinese idea of culture is that which was put for- 
ward by Confucius, the cultivation of personal virtue and 
the endeavor to regain, as far as possible, that perfection 
of character belonging to the natural man which was so 
fully exemplified in the lives of the sages and sovereigns 
of antiquity. 

The points to be insisted on for the development of the 
coming man are an honest endeavor to carry out the true 
and to eliminate from society all that belongs to the false. 

The points to be urged on the young American are 
that the accumulation of money is not the chief object of 
existence, and that a far higher condition of society is to 
be sought for than that which has been reached by the 
United States. 

487 



MAJOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER. 

The best counsel for the young men of to-day is, think 
less of yourself than of how yon may best do good to 
others ; be temperate, pure of heart, and moderate in all 
things. 

The finest quality in human nature is a love of truth for 
truth's sake. 




(jhy £^*t*JJ 



SUMMARY. 



Caution. 
Judgment. 
Submission to Law. 
Love the Truth. 



Health. 
Moderation. 
Be Temperate. 



Courage. 
Endurance. 
Perseverance. 
Patience. 



Unselfishness 

Benevolence. 

Be Pure of Heart. 



488 



ENGLISH MAXIMS BY LIVING MEN. 

FROM THOMAS HUGHES. 

(Author of " Tom Brown at Oxford,") 

In testing manliness as distinguished from courage, we shall 
have to reckon sooner or later with the idea of duty. 

After all, what would life be without fighting, I should like to 
know ? 

No, there is no victory possible without humility and magna- 
nimity; and no humility or magnanimity possible without an 
ideal. 

Purity, courage, truthfulness are as absolutely necessary as ever • 
without them there can be no ideal at all. 

Think well over your important steps in life, and having made 
up your minds, never look behind. 

After all, what would life be without fighting ? From the cradle 
to the grave, fighting, rightly understood, is the business, the real, 
highest, honestest business of every son of man. Every one who 
is worth his salt has his enemies, who must be beaten, be they 
evil thoughts and habits in himself, or spiritual wickedness in 
high places, or Russians, or border-ruffians. 

FROM CUNNINGHAM GEIKIE, D.D. 

(Author of " Life : A Book for Young Men.") 

If you be wise you will vary your pleasures, and add to them 
by mixing the grave with the gay. 

Independent, manly self-respect is a hedge that keeps out much 
evil. 

4sy 



CUNNINGHAM GEIKIE. 

Character is a power that outlives men for good more than for 
evil. 

Character is the only foundation for real success. 

Let nothing tempt you to a false step, whatever necessity or 
pretext may urge. 

Break one thread in the border of virtue, and you don't know 
how much may unravel. 

The only success worth the name is when a man gains a living, 
or a competence, or wealth, without paying too dear for it. 

Never be content to be always a servant, except in very special 
instances. 

Never stick to a thing simply because it is old ; never dismiss 
a proposal because it is novel. 

"Histories make men wise," says Bacon; "poets, witty; the 
mathematics, subtle ; natural philosophy, deep ; morals, grave ; 
logic and rhetoric, able to contend." But it depends on the mind 
that turns to them. 

Thorough principle is above all sneers, and carries reverence 
with it and confidence. It disarms suspicion, and clears us when 
others are doubted. 

We build the ship and spread the sails, but God sends the wind 
and rules the waves. 

Honesty and truth are never so reliable as when they have 
their eyes on the Highest. 

Remember in all cares, distractions, and troubles, that as safety 
shone from the face of the North Star on the slave caught in the 
tangled southern brake, or lost in the swamp, or bewildered in 
the silent woods, it shines to you only from the face of Cod. 

Don't forget that the head and heart must go together. There 
are moral as there are chemical affinities. 

Work, not retirement, is your duty and safety. 



490 



LIV. 

ENGLISH MAXIMS 



THOUGHTS FROM CHARLES BUXTON, M.P. 

Without sacrifice good cannot be won. 

Whenever yon look at human nature in masses, you find every 
truth met by a counter-truth, and both equally true. 

Nothing but actual experience could make a man believe in 
himself. 

Would a science of human nature be possible ? We have a wild 
forest growth of knowledge about human nature, but never yet, 
so far as I know, has any attempt been made to form a large and 
accurate collection of facts illustrating the different characteristics 
of human nature, and thus by a systematic induction to grasp the 
laws by which human nature is governed. 

There is no phrase in the English tongue with so much good 
strong truth in it as the phrase " to take pains." Yes, pain, actual 
pain, there must be, ere any harvest can be reaped. 

No moral force is so potent as tenderness. None so cleaves a 
man's way through the world ; none makes him so affluent in love 
from others ; none gives him such sway with others. 

It is very hard upon a man to have just goodness enough to 
embitter his badness, but not enough to keep it off. 

491 



CHARLES BUXTON, M.P. 

The only source of activity is the struggle to better one's self. 
Were there then no evil, no worse, the world would be at a 
standstill. 

It is a base thing to be the slave of other men's opinions ; but 
it is a brave thing to be master of them. 

It is not what a man thinks that shows what he is, but how he 
came to think so. 

Comparatively, the act of self-sacrifice is a small thing. To bear 
bravely what comes of it — there is the test of mettle. 

A sweet heart is as truly a good thing, a piece of wealth, as a 
strong head. 

To enjoy life more, strive to enjoy it less. 

The good in us is also the bad in us. And vice versa. 

Give self-control, and you give the essence of all well-doing, in 
mind, body, and estate. Morality, learning, thought, business, suc- 
cess — the master of himself can master these. 

In order to do right, a man clearly must have three things : 

(1) The wish to do it. — This is goodness. 

(2) The knowledge of what he ought to do. — This is wisdom. 

(3) The force of will to make himself do it. — This is strength. 
No prudent man will embark on an undertaking till his first 

enthusiasm about it has gone off. 

The grandest quality is magnanimity. 

The aim of education should be, to make the boy think right, 
and feel right. 

A man's character is not perfect unless there is a horse-and-dog 
stratum in it. . . . We are cousins to the angels ; but we are 
also cousins to the animals, and we ought to love those our poor 
relations. 

The one great practical truth that ought to be driven over and 
over again into his own mind by every young man is, that he 
should not care a button for his likes and his dislikes, but should 

492 



ENGLISH 3IAXBIS. 

do what ought to be done, in spite of any disagreeableness. The 
lesson of self-denial is far beyond any other in importance. 

Moral courage is more worth haying than physical j not only 
because it is a higher virtue, but because the demand for it is more 
constant. 

There is no quality that runs through all the other qualities in 
a man's character, permeating and invigorating the whole, so much 
as good sense. 

Rudeness and obsequiousness are both un gentlemanly, for this 
reason, that the first arises from want of respect for others, and 
the second from want of self-respect. The true gentleman re- 
spects both himself and others. 

There is no more important piece of wisdom than that of look- 
ing at the good in things rather than at the evil. 

It requires a higher kind of wisdom to sympathize and approve, 
than to carp and criticise. 

The rule in carving holds good as to criticism, — never cut with 
a knife what you can cut with a spoon. 

To feel jolly is half the battle. 

Good sense does not imply reasoning, inquiry, or, indeed, any 
prolonged mental action. What it does imply is a hale mind; and 
a hale mind sees at once how things stand. 

The sweetest \>f sweet things is to be thrown closely with one 
nobler than one's self. 

Nature is inexorable. She hears no excuse. Break her law and 
she is pitdess : down the penalty must come. . . . There is 
something awful, something sublime, in this sacredness of Nature's 
law: that it cannot be set at nought without ruin. 

We are not so kind, not so loving, not so tender, not so docile, 
not so sprightly, not so zealous in our duty, not so true, not so 
faithful, not so merry, not so contented, not so fearful of doing 
wrong, not so ashamed when we have done it. not so bold, not so 

493 



CHARLES BUXTON, M.P. 

generous, as our dog. To be sure there are drawbacks. He has 
no soul and he sweats through his mouth ; otherwise we could not 
show our face beside him. 

Every day teaches this lesson — to lay plans not vaguely, but 
with a clear foresight of each part. No more essential element of 
success than that. But it takes a world of pains. 

You never will find time for anything. If you want time, you 
must make it. 

Would it not answer to make an earnest study of some one 
goodness, instead of grasping at them all ? e, g., perfect yourself 
in doing small kindnesses ; or in being truthful • or in being 
brave. One goodness made sure of, the rest would swarm after it 
of themselves. 

Beware of being a parrot. Nine hundred and ninety-nine men 
in a thousand are parrots — poll-parrots. What the world says, 
they say, without ever grasping its sayings. 

You feel indignant against A. B. for his bad temper. Be easy — 
he is well punished. Bad temper is its own scourge. Few things 
are bitterer than to feel bitter. A man's venom poisons himself 
more than his victim. 

To think rightly, you must think first calmly, then conclusively. 
It is easy to think by jerks ; it is hard to think a matter through. 
But there is all the difference in the world between looking upon 
things and looking into them. 

In life, as in chess, forethought wins. 

Failure means that you would not, or could not, pay for suc- 
cess. Success is a matter of sale. It can (most often) be bought 
by a large outlay — of hard forethought, of pains, of steadiness, of 
the golden wisdom coined from experience. 

Manly good sense is the first of qualities. 

One of the finest sayings in the language is John Foster's " Live 

mightilv." 

494 



ENGLISH MAXIMS. 

Nothing so invigorating as the reverie of deep thought, or so 
enervating as the reverie of day-dreams. 

The truth that in looking on at life oftenest pushes itself for- 
ward is, that boldness is prudence. Xay, I would almost rather 
say rashness than boldness, so well does even reckless courage turn 
out. 

You have not fulfilled every duty unless you have fulfilled that 
of being pleasant. 

Indulge procrastination, and ' in time you will come to this, that 
because a thing ought to be done, therefore you can't do it. 

The road to success is not to be run upon by seven-leagued 
boots. Step by step, little by little, bit by bit — that is the way to 
wealth, that is the way to wisdom, that is the way to glory. Pounds 
are the sons, not of pounds, but of pence. 

I think the ability to see things as they are is better than the 
ability to see them as they might be. 

No maxim would be better worth engraving on one's mind with 
a pen of adamant than this — never to judge till you have heard 
both sides. . . . And, akin to this, what wisdom it would be 
. . . not to make assertions till he knows not only whether 
they are true, but whether he can prove them to be so. 



495 



MOTTOES :— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

Not in the clamor of the crowded street, 
Not in the shouts and plaudits of the throng, 
But in ourselves, are triumph and defeat. 

H. W. Longfellow. 

Triumph and toil are twins and aye 

Joy suns the cloud of sorrow ; 

And 'tis the martyrdom to-day 

Brings victory — to-morrow. 

Gerald Massey. 

As it was better, youth 

Should strive, through acts uncouth, 

Toward making, than repose on aught found made. 

Robert Browning. 

He has done the work of a true man : 
Crown him, honor him, love him. 

J. G. Whittier. 

Men may rise on stepping-stones 
Of their dead selves to higher things. 

Alfred Tennyson. 

"We hope, we aspire, we resolve, we trust, 

When the morning calls us to life and light ; 

But our hearts grow weary, and ere the night 

Our lives are trailing in sordid dust. 

J. G. Holland. 

No life 
Can be pure in its purpose and strong in its strife, 
And all life not be purer and stronger thereby. 

Owen Meredith. 
496 



LV. 

WHAT MANUAL TRAINING CAN DO. 

CHARLES HENRY HAM, 

Chicago, III., 
Lawyer, Professor, Educator. 



497 



LABOR IS LIFE 



A NEW WORLD IDEAL. 



MR. CHARLES H. HAM, 

in a virile communication, tells us that through labor only lies 
the way to perfection. He further writes : — 

^LLTRUISM is harmony, egoism is discord. Hence, 
■g^ the smallest selfish act arouses antagonism at 




every point of contact of the man with his fellows. 
He who would save his life must give it to the mass 
of men by whom he is surrounded. 

The motive of man's voluntary isolation (for selfish- 
ness is isolation) is the desire to be relieved from labor; 
and this struggle puts him out of harmony with both 
Xature and art. For Nature yields her secrets only to 
persuasion, and art is the goal of infinite pains. 

Induction is the law of progress ; not the mere induc- 
tion of reason, but the induction of patient toil of hand 
and brain. Labor is the law of life, and truth is not an 
abstraction, but a thing. Xature is truth, and truth in 
art is its shadow. 

Our standards of comparison are false, our canons of 
criticism vain. The most useful thing is the most beauti- 
ful thing. The adaptation of things in the natural world 
to the uses of life — this is the best definition of art. Art 
is one. The sewing-machine is not less a creation of art 
than the Parthenon ; and its value to the human race is 
vastly greater. The finest canvas of the greatest of mas- 

499 



CHARLES HENRY HAM. 

ters is only the imperfect shadow of a pleasing aspect of 
nature ; but the locomotive is the embodiment of a great 
principle that underlies the very constitution of the uni- 
verse. 

The useful arts are infinitely finer than the so-called fine 
arts. 

Labor is the synonym of morality ; for morality is an 
act, not a sentiment ; it consists in the performance of the 
social duties. Industry is the incarnation of progress, 
while idleness is a reversion towards barbarism. 

Nature's laws are moral as well as physical ; and as the 
end of man, not less morally than physically, is an action, 
not a thought, these laws can be obeyed only by doing ; 
and as selfishness is a deadly vice, the doing must be 
altruistic. Hence, the qualities essential to the develop- 
ment of the perfect man are industry and virtue. 

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Charles Henry Ham, born in New Hampshire about 1830, passed from 
farm to store and railway office, became a lawyer, and from 1860 to 1865 was 
partner of the present Chief-justice of the United States. Was Assistant 
Treasurer, Cook County, 111., held office of Appraiser in Chicago fourteen 
years, founded the School of Manual Training in that city, and published his 
books on "Manual Training" and "Ten Minute Sketches." Was five years 
editorial writer on Chicago Tribune, and six years on Chicago Inter-Ocean; for 
ten years he has been laboring for reform in school education, as speaker, lect- 
urer, and author. Resides at present in New York.] 

500 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

THE LAWS OF LIFE. 

1. Altruism is the basis of all true character building. 

2. Self-respect is essential to the growth of character, and self- 
respect is compatible only with self-surrender. 

3. What we most need is moral development, and the only 
means to that end is right performance. 

4. What we most lack is honesty — that fine sense of justice 
which compels us to render a moral or material equivalent for 
what we receive. 

5. Industry — mental or manual — is due from the individual to 
society, and whoso, through idleness, shirks the debt, stands dis- 
honored. 

6. Doing alone is vital ; it is the only civilizer, the only moral 
force, the only seed whence virtue springs. Hence the art and 
love of work are the sole means, not less of spiritual than of 
material excellence. 

MIND AND HAND. 

In the processes of education the idea should never be isolated 
from the object it represents. The object is the material part, the 
body, of the idea ; and without its body the idea is as impotent as 
the jet of steam that rises from the surface of boiling water and 
loses itself in the air. But unite it to its object and it becomes the 
vital spark, the animating force, the Promethean fire. Thus steam 
converts the Corliss engine — a mass of lifeless iron — into a thing 
of beauty, of grace, and of resistless power. 

Education and civilization are convertible terms ; for civilization 
is the art of rendering life agreeable ; and things — art products — 
constitute the basis of all the comforts and elegancies of civilized 
life. The great gulf between the savage and the civilized man is 

501 



CHARLES HENRY HAM. 

spanned by the seven hand-tools j * and the modern machine-shop 
is an aggregation of these tools driven by steam. Tools, then, 
constitute the great civilizing agency of the world. Carlyle well 
said of man : " Without tools he is nothing, with tools he is all ! " 

The use of tools quickens the intellect. The boy who begins to 
construct or form a machine, a tool, or anything, is compelled to 
think definitely, to deliberate, reason, and conclude. As he 
advances he is brought into contact with powerful natural forces. 
If he would control those forces he must master their laws j he 
must hence investigate the phenomena of matter, and thence he 
will be led to a study of the phenomena of mind. Thus the train- 
ing of the hand reacts upon the mind, inciting it to excursions 
into the realm of science in search of hidden laws and principles, 
to be utilized through the arts, in useful and beautiful things. 

The error in prevailing methods of education consists in striv- 
ing to reach the concrete by way of the abstract, whereas we 
should pursue a diametrically opposite course. 

I declare that there is more sentiment in things than in thoughts, 
more feeling in deeds than in words ; and hence that the locomo- 
tive is a greater civilizer than Shakespeare. 

It will be a great day for man — the day that ushers in the dawn 
of more sober views of life, the day that inaugurates the era of 
the mastership of things in place of the mastership of words. 

But what is the philosophy of manual training, the rationale of 
the new education ? It is the union of thought and action. Theo- 
retical knowledge is incomplete. An exclusively mental exercise 
merely teaches the pupil how to think, while the essential comple- 
ment of thought is action. A purely mental acquirement is a theo- 
rem — something to be proved. Whether the given theorem is sus- 
ceptible of proof is always a question until the doubt is solved by 

* The ax, the saw, the hammer, the file, the drill, the lathe, and the 
plane. 

502 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

the act of doing. Like thought and action, the mind and hand 
complement each other. They are natural allies ; the mind specu- 
lates ; the hand tests the speculations of the mind by experiment. 
The hand thus explodes the errors of the mind ; it inquires, by the 
act of doing, whether a given theorem is demonstrable in the form 
of a problem. The hand, therefore, not only searches after truth, 
but finds it. It is in things, and in things only, that the truth is 
to be found. It is easy to juggle with words — to make the worse 
appear the better reason — but a lie in the concrete is always hid- 
eous ! It is thus that the hand becomes the guide as well as the 
agent of the mind. It is the mind's rudder, its balance-wheel. It 
is the mind's monitor ; it constantly appeals to the mind, by its 
acts, to hew to the line, let the chips fly where they may. 

Man is indeed the wisest of animals because he has hands. 
With one hand he wrests from Nature her secret forces, and with 
the other molds them into forms of use and beauty adapted to all 
the needs of life. Thus the scientist and the artisan are the twin- 
ministers of human progress. It is in the works of their hands 
that man's history is found, and in no other language. All other 
records are inaccurate ; in all other accounts there is room for 
deception ; but the thing made is the truth, and there is no gain- 
saying it. 

And as in the past, so in the future, the scientist who discovers, 
and the artisan who utilizes — these two shall slowly raise man 
toward the ultimate of human aspiration. But every discovery, 
every invention, every forward and upward step, renders civiliza- 
tion more complex, and hence makes character more essential 
as the most precious fruit of education. And there is but one 
highroad to character — unselfish industry. Idleness is hideous; 
work is sublime ! 



503 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 



Endurance is the crowning quality, 

And patience all the passion of great hearts. 

J. B. Lowell. 

What were the wise man's plan ? — 

Through this sharp, toil-set life, 

To fight as best he can, 

And win what's won by strife. 

Matthew Arnold. 

The petals of to-day 
To-morrow fallen away, 
Shall something leave instead 
To live when they are dead. 

A something to survive 
Of you though it derive 
Apparent earthly birth, 
But of far other worth. A. R. Clongh. 

Love, hope, fear, faith, — these make humanity ; 
These are its sign, and note, and character. 

Robert Browning. 

One thing is forever good ; 

That one thing is success. B. W. Emerson. 

My strength is as the strength of ten 

Because my heart is pure. 

Alfred Tennyson. 

Beyond the poet's sweet dream lives 

The eternal epic of the man. 

J. O. Whittier. 

504 



LVI. 

WELL-BALANCED FACULTIES. 

SAMUEL LAING, M.P., 

Brighton, England, 
Author, Financier, and Member of Parliament. 



505 



ALL FACULTIES MUST BALANCE. 



EVERYTHING IN JUST PROPORTION. 



MR. SAMUEL LAING, 

the eminent Scotsman, writes thus from Brighton, England : — 



fSinil HAT are the attributes of perfect manhood ! 
u Self -reverence, self-knowledge, self-control." — 



1|| " 

SI? 



As^j? Tennyson. 

" Mens sana in corpore sanoP 

What is your ideal \ A perfect balance of all facul- 
ties of mind and body, so that none are in excess or defect, 
and all work harmoniously under the control of reason. 

What are the best types ? Writing for Americans, I 
should say you cannot have better types than George 
Washington and Abraham Lincoln. You cannot get far 
wrong in practical life, whether you are a senator or a 
school-boy, a working-man or a millionaire, if you say to 
yourself, " What would Washington or Lincoln have done 
in my place \ " and act accordingly. 

What is the best scientific ideal of culture f The ideal 
is to know everything and know it all in just proportion. 
But " life is short and art long," so the practical ideal is to 
know as much as you can on as many subjects as possible, 
and to know thoroughly those which come specially home 
to you in your sphere of life and bent of mind. 

What i3oints are to be urged for the awakening of the 
higher intelligence of the young American ! Beforni of 

507 



SAMUEL LAING, M.P. 

higher education, with a view to cultivating the reasoning 
faculties, and awakening an interest in the great questions 
of the day, scientific, literary, and social, rather than de- 
voting nearly all the time to cultivating the memory on 
dead languages. Plenty of free libraries, especially lend- 
ing libraries. Societies of young men and women for mu- 
tual improvement. Above all, an improved tone of public 
opinion which recognizes that ignorance, narrowness, and 
prejudice are disgraceful to any one who has had the luck 
to be born a white man and the free citizen of a great 
nation in the nineteenth century. 

What is the finest quality for human nature? For a 
man the foundation of all good qualities is " pluck " — i.e. 
energy and courage. Courage to tell the truth, to do 
what is disagreeable, to conquer faults, to suffer in silence, 
and, in a word, to do and dare whatever may become a man. 

S. LAING. 



SUMMARY. 

Self-knowledge. Self-reverence. 

Control by Reason. Self-control. 

Know Something of All. Energy. 

Know Thoroughly Something. Courage. 



508 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Samuel Laixg was "born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1810. He was edu- 
cated at St. John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1832 ; was called to the 
bar in 1840, and soon after became private secretary to Mr. Labouchere, then 
President of the Board of Trade ; was secretary of the Railway Department, 
and in 1844 published " A Report on British and Foreign Railways " ; in 1845 
was nominated a member of the Railway Commission ; in 1848 became manag- 
ing director of the Brighton Railway Company, and in 1852 he was Chairman 
of the Crystal Palace Company. In July of the latter year he was returned ki 
the Liberal interest for the Wick district, and was re-elected in 1859, resign- 
ing in 1860 to go to India as Finance Minister. He was re-elected in 1865, 
and again in 1873 as member for Orkney and Shetland. He wrote "The 
Modern Zoratianism," "Modern Science and Modern Thought," etc.] 



SOUND MAXIMS BY MODERN MEN. 

SAMUEL SMILES, LL.D. 

We have it in our choice to be worthy or worthless. 

There is a stronger word than Liberty, and that is Conscience. 

Conscience is permanent and universal. It is the very essence 
of individual character. 

True manhood conies from self-control — from subjection of the 
lower powers to the higher conditions of our being. 

Character is made up of small duties faithfully performed — of 
self-denials, of self-sacrifices, of kindly acts of love and duty. 

It is of the utmost importance that attention should be directed 
to the improvement and strengthening of the Will j for without 
this there can neither be independence, nor firmness, nor individ- 
uality of character. 

Strength can conquer circumstances. 

Brave and honest men do not work for gold. They work for 
love, for honor, for character. 

509 



SAMUEL SMILES, LL.D. 

Courage is the quality which all men delight to honor. It is the 
energy which rises to all the emergencies of life. 

All the great work of the world has been accomplished by cour- 
age. 

The opportunities of doing good come to all who work and will. 

Sympathy is one of the great secrets of life. 

The love of excellence is inseparable from a spirit of uncompro- 
mising detestation for all that is base and criminal. 

Duty begins with life, and ends with death. 

To live well is the best preacher. To set a lofty example is the 
richest bequest a man can leave behind him ; and to exemplify a 
noble character is the most valuable contribution a man can make 
for the benefit. of posterity. 

The earnings and savings of industry should be intelligent for 
a purpose beyond mere earnings and savings. We do not work 
and strive for ourselves alone, but for the benefit of those who are 
dependent upon us. Industry must know how to earn, how to 
spend, and how to save. 

Every man is bound to do what he can to elevate his social state, 
and to secure his independence. 

Independence can only be established by the exercise of fore- 
thought, prudence, frugality, and self-denial. 

Thrift means private economy. It includes domestic economy, 
as well as the order and management of a family. 

Without work, life is worthless ; it becomes a mere state of 
moral coma. 

Genius is but a capability of laboring intensely ; it is the power 
of making great and sustained efforts. 

It is the savings of the world that have made the civilization of 
the world. 

Every business man must be systematic and orderly. 

Some of man's best qualities depend upon the right use of 

510 



SOUND MAXIMS BY MODERN MEN. 

money — such as his generosity, benevolence, justice, honesty, and 
forethought. 

Self-respect is the root of most of the virtues — of cleanliness, 
chastity, reverence, honesty, sobriety. To think meanly of one's 
self is to sink — sometimes to descend a precipice at the bottom of 
which is infamy. 

To blame others for what we suffer is always more agreeable to 
our self-pride than to blame ourselves. But it is perfectly clear 
that people who live from day to day without plan, without rule, 
without forethought — who spend all their earnings, without saving 
anything for the future — are preparing beforehand for inevitable 
distress. 

Education, however obtained, is always an advantage to a man. 

Knowledge is at once the manna and the medicine of our moral 
being. 

Thrift is the spirit of order applied to domestic management and 
organization. 

Order is the best manager of time : for unless work is properly 
arranged, time is lost, and. once lost, it is gone forever. 

Spend less than you earn. 

Never run into debt. 

Every man's first duty is, to improve, to educate, and elevate 
himself, helping forward his brethren at the same time by all 
reasonable methods. 

Let a man resolve and determine that he will advance, and the 
first step of advancement is already made. 

The difference between men consists, for the most part, in intelli- 
gence, conduct, and energy. 

Luck is only another word for good management in practical 
affairs. 

No idle or thoughtless man ever became great. 

It is not luck but labor that makes men. 

511 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 



Man is of soul and body formed for deeds 

Of high resolve ; on fancy's boldest wing 

To soar unwearied, fearlessly to turn 

The keenest pangs to peacefulness, and taste 

The joys which mingled sense and spirit yield ; 

Or he is formed for abjectness and woe, 

To grovel on the dunghill of his fears, 

To shrink at every sound, to quench the flame 

Of natural love in sensualism, to know 

That hour as blest when on his worthless da}^s 

The frozen hand of death shall set its seal, 

Yet fear the cure though hating the disease. 

The one is man that shall hereafter be, 

The other, man as vice has made him now. 

Shelley. 

If thou art worn and hard beset, 

With sorrows that thou wouldst forget, 

If thou wouldst read a lesson that avlLI keep 

Thy heart from fainting and thy soul from sleep, 

Go to the woods and hills ! No tears 

Dim the sweet look that Nature wears. 

H. W. Longfellow. 

The world is a great poem, and the world's 

The words it is writ in, and we souls the thoughts. 

Bailey. 

Do what is good and Humanity's godlike plant thou wilt 

nourish ; 
Plan what is fair and thou'lt strew seeds of the godlike 

around. Schiller. 

512 



LVII. 

THE IDEALS OF OUR FAITH, 

HON. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW, 

New York, 
Attorney, Orator, and Railroad President. 



515 




<3np'd/><om tfiioCo. ej/cMG»ty /ok "<jittcah o/ ^£/i/c. " Co/iyi<tp/d ,/^/J /y <S. M great. 



C%a4A£lsC£^M 




DO THE BEST WE CAN. 



STRIVE TO REACH THE IDEALS OF OUR FAITH. 



HON. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW 

writes : — 



PERFECT man would be a creature who could find 



no congenial companion in the club, society, busi- 
ness, or politics, and no woman would live with him. 

So long as we all do the best we can, according to our 
lights, to reach the ideals of our faith, we will get as near 
perfection as is possible in this world with a reasonable 
hope for the next, and still have enough transparent hu- 
man weaknesses not to be an offence to our neighbors, 
who are doing the best they can, but are happily conscious 
of their own frailties. 



517 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Chauncey Mitchell Depew was born in Peekskill, N. Y., April 23, 1834. 
He graduated at Yale in 1856, studied law, and was admitted to the bar ; was 
United States minister to Japan ; is president of the New York Central Rail- 
road and of the West Shore Railroad Company ; is president of the Union 
League Club of New York, and of the Yale Alumni Association of the same 
city. Mr. Depew is successful as a lecturer, and has delivered some notable 
addresses on special occasions. Published a volume of speeches in 1890.] 



EXTRACTS FROM AN ADDRESS BEFORE THE NEW ENGLAND SOCIETY, 
DECEMBER 22, 1891. 

Nothing has contributed so much to false history as the misuse 
of words. The Stuart kings persecuted the Puritans because they 
would not accept the religion of the throne. But the royal per- 
sonages had no religion as the devout Puritan understood the 
word. They were dissolute in morals and depraved in conduct. 
They arrayed all the power of the State on the side of forms, 
whose substance was that the king ruled the Church; but the 
Puritan placed against their authority his conscience, which held 
that God governed the king. 

The Puritan who was ready to fight and willing to die for the 
privilege of worshipping God as he thought right was the phe- 
nomenal crank of the period. He was a perambulating can of 
moral dynamite, whose explosion might liberate the souls and 
minds of men. He was beyond dispute the most disagreeable of 
human beings to all that constituted the social and political power 
of his day. In the unequal contest of the hour he and his core- 
ligionists were persecuted, imprisoned, executed, or exiled. But 
his fight was not for time, but for eternity. Stuart kings are 
dead ; their thrones have been taken from their sons, and their 

518 



EXTRACTS FROM ADDRESS BEFORE THE NEW ENGLAND SOCIETY. 

power transferred to a house alien in blood and faith ; but the 
sons of the Puritans govern half the world, and their principles 
are the vital and energizing forces with the other half. When 
the Mayflower sailed from Delf shaven there were thirty sovereigns 
governing Europe, whose names filled all the requirements of con- 
temporary fame. The departure of the Mayflower and her cargo 
of one hundred and twenty passengers made no more impression 
upon the polities or affairs of Europe than did the parting of the 
waters beneath her keel upon the Atlantic Ocean ; but the leaders 
of the Pilgrim band are for the Xew World the canonized saints 
of civil and religious liberty. . . . The trials, persecutions, 
and isolation of the Puritans so centred their thoughts in and 
upon themselves that they could die for their own liberty ; but 
the devil was their enemy, and all who disagreed with them were 
his followers. When at Lexington the farmers fired the shot 
that echoed round the world, they had exorcised the devil and 
could fight and die for equal liberty for every man. They hung 
Mrs. Rebecca Nourse at Salem for witchcraft ; but two hundred 
and sixty years afterward they erected a monument to her mem- 
ory. The Puritan could always be relied on to compensate and 
satisfy any one he had wronged — if you gave him time. 

THE NEGROES AND THE INDIANS. 

(Extract from 3fr. Depew's Address at tie: Hampton Institute.) 

I look upon this Hampton Institute as one of the most inter- 
esting and most creditable institutions in the United States. I 
regard my friend General Armstrong as having accomplished 
more for this country than almost any man who has fought for it 
since the war. 

When the war struck the shackles from the limbs of the slaves 
it left us four million people who had not been educated to fit 

519 



CHATJNCEY M. DEPEW. 

them for citizenship or for the taking care of themselves. To 
these were at once given freedom and responsibilities. Thns it 
became necessary for the colored people of the country to dem- 
onstrate that they could be other than children. It is safe to say 
that twenty-five years ago, out of the fifty million people in this 
country, not five million believed that the colored people could be 
brought to a point where they could safely be trusted with the 
powers of citizenship. There was but one way to test the ques- 
tion. It had to be tried on a broad plane. It had to be done 
through schools with competent teachers. 

Twenty-two years have passed since this experiment was tried 
by General Armstrong. Hundreds of graduates have gone forth, 
each a beacon light of truth, intelligence, and morality, to lead 
their race up to higher and better planes of living. Had this ex- 
periment failed into which G-eneral Armstrong had put his life, 
twenty-five years would not have passed before the power of the 
government that gave would have taken away again every politi- 
cal privilege and relegated them to a position of wards and chil- 
dren of this country, but children uncared for and unprotected. 

You students of Hampton have more to be proud of than have 
the graduates of Yale, Harvard, Princeton, or any of the great 
colleges. When you have received your diplomas you know that 
vou have made something for yourselves — struck something out 
of nothing. Then you must go out into the world determined 
that what you have done for yourselves you will do your best to 
do for your people. You must teach them to own their homes 
and farms and to become good workmen, and so lift the life of 
the nation. This grand republic has made you free citizens, and 
it is the best land in which any man or woman ever lived, the 
best land in which anv man or woman can ever live or die. 



520 



LVIII. 

LOFTY AIMS. 

HENRY M. STANLEY, 

London, England, 
African Explorer and Lecturer. 



521 



WISEST, BRAVEST, STRONGEST, TRUEST. 



THE BEST TYPES ARE THOSE THAT HATE HOST VIRTUES AND LEAST FAULTS. 



HENRY M. STANLEY, 

the African explorer, answers our inquiries as follows : — 

iffWil HAT are the attributes of perfect manhood! 

aLMw 
}. p^l lb Moral and physical strength. 

; lf^ ^ hat is ycmr ideal • 

Jvf? That character which is wisest, bravest, strong- 
\ est, and truest. 

What are the best types ? 

Those possessing most virtues and least faults. 

What is the ideal of culture \ 

Refinement in thought, feeling, and manners. 

What qualities of mind, heart, energy, or character 
should be cultivated, or what repressed, for the higher de- 
velopment of man \ 

Sincerity, charity, perseverance, conscientiousness; op- 
posite inclinations should be repressed. 

What are the cardinal points to be insisted upon for the 
all-around development of the coming young man ? 

Love of truth, duty, and fellow-man. Cultivation of 
common sense and physical health. 

What points are to be urged for the awakening of the 
higher intelligence of the young American! 

Exalted views of the purposes of his existence, and 

noble, lofty, and pure aims. 

523 



HENRY M. STANLEY. 

What is the best counsel for the young man of to-day ? 

Avoid vice, banish lust of all kinds. Be sincere, honest, 
pure. Love thy country and be charitable to all men. 

What is the finest quality in human nature ? 

The most Christlike is unselfishness. The habit of for- 
bearance, which is easy, will, by practice, lead to magna- 
nimity, the highest manly virtue. 




SUMMARY. 



Truest, Wisest. 
Exalted Views. 
Lofty and Pure Aims. 
Be Sincere. 



Moral Strength. 
Conscientiousness. 
Physical Health. 
Cultivation of 
Common Sense. 



Bravest, Strongest. 
Perseverance. 
Forbearance. 
Magnanimity. 



Unselfishness. 
Refinement in Thought, 
Feeling, and Manners. 
Be Pure. 
Love Country. 
Be Charitable to All. 



524 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

[Henry Morton Stanley was born near Denbigh, Wales, in 1840. In 
1855 he sailed as cabin-boy to New Orleans, enlisted in the Confederate army, 
was taken prisoner, and subsequently volunteered in the United States navy, 
serving as acting ensign on the ironclad Ticonderoga. At the close of the 
war he went as a newspaper correspondent to Turkey ; in 1868 he accompa- 
nied the British army to Abyssinia as correspondent of the New York Herald; 
was sent by the Herald to find Dr. Livingstone, and found him November 10, 
1S71, at Ujiji, and returned to England in 1872. In 1873 he was sent again 
to Africa on an exploring expedition, returning to England in 1878. In 1879 
he was again in Africa, having been sent out by the Brussels African Inter- 
national Association with a view to develop the great basin of the Congo. 
Mr. Stanley completed the work in 1884, establishing trading-stations along 
the Congo from its mouth to Stanley Pool, and founding the Free State of the 
Congo, but he declined to be its first governor. He went on another expedi- 
tion in 1888, to the Soudan, for the relief of Emin Pasha. In 1873 Mr. Stan- 
ley received the Patrons' Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society; in 
1878, at the Sorbonne. Paris, he was presented with the Cross of Chevalier of 
the Legion of Honor by the president of the French Geographical Society, 
and the Queen of England sent him a gold snuff-box set with diamonds. He 
has published "How I Found Livingstone," 1872 ; " Through the Dark Con- 
tinent," 1878; "The Congo and the Founding of its Free State," 1885; and 
"Darkest Africa," 1890.] 



EXTRACTS FROM LIVING WRITERS. 

T. W. HIGGINSON. 

It is a pity to praise either sex at the expense of the other. 

Man may be the braver, and yet courages in a woman may be 
nobler than cowardice. Woman may be the purer, and yet purity 
may be noble in a man. 

But ethics are ethics : the great principles of morals, as pro- 
claimed either by science or religion, do not fluctuate for sex ; 
their basis is in the very foundations of right itself. 

A refined man is more refined than a coarse woman. 

How delicious it is to boast of age when one is young, and of 
misery when one is happy ! 

Gray hairs may bring you something that is worth all youth's 

525 



MAXIMS. 

spring-tide. That something is what it is now the fashion to call 
a altruism " — the power of being happy in another's happiness. 

Of all things on earth, after love, that which a human being 
most needs is strength. 

Self-sacrifice, like many other forms of diet, is a food or a poison 
according as we use it. 

There are positive virtues to be cultivated as well as the nega- 
tive virtue of self -surrender. It is right to do one's own work in 
the world, to develop one's own powers, to exercise a tonic as well 
as a soothing influence on those around. 

There is nothing which commands such power as organizing 
mind, unless it be that subtle faculty which we call genius in the 
poet or the man of science — a finer and higher force, which un- 
consciously remoulds the world, organizing mind and all. 

What we desire, or should desire, is to have the American type 
(of man) the best type that the world has ever seen. 

JOHN BURROUGHS. 

The human body is a steed that goes freest and longest under 
a light rider, and the lightest of all riders is a cheerful heart. 

The heaviest thing in the world is a heavy heart. 

A man must invest himself near at hand and in common things, 
and be content with a steady and moderate return, if he would 
know the blessedness of a cheerful heart and the sweetness of a 
walk over the round earth. 

You are eligible to any good fortune when you are in the con- 
dition to enjoy a good walk. When the air and water taste sweet 
to you, how much else will taste sweet ! When the exercise of 
your limbs affords you pleasure, and the play of your senses upon 
the various objects of nature quickens and stimulates your spirit, 
your relation to the world and to yourself is what it should be — 
simple and direct and wholesome. 

526 



LIX. 

THE GENTLEMAN. 

ward McAllister, 

New York, 
Lawyer, Author, and Society Leader, 



527 



THE GENTLEMAN DESCRIBED. 



THE DRAWING-ROOM IDEAL. 




WARD MCALLISTER 

writes : — 

IfSlI PERFECT man, to my belief, is the Christian 
gentleman, and a gentleman I have described in 
my book, " Society As I Have Found It," in vari- 
ous places, in this way : 

My understanding of a gentleman has always been 
that he is a person free from arrogance and anything like 
self-assertion : considerate of the feelings of others ; so 
satisfied and secured in his own position that he is always 
unpretentious, feeling he could not do an ungentlemanly 
act ; as courteous and kind in manner to his inferiors as 
to his equals. The best bred men I have ever met have 
always been the least pretentious. Natural and simple in 
manner, modest in apparel, never wearing anything too 
vojjant or conspicuous, but always so well dressed that you 
could never discover what made them so — the good, quiet 
taste of the whole producing the result. . . . 

Though carrying letters to our American Minister, then 
resident at Rome, I gave his legation a wide berth, as I 
had heard that our distinguished representative was in 
the habit of inviting Italians to meet Italians and Ameri- 
cans to meet only Americans in his house ; when asked 
his reasons for this, he replied-: " I have the greatest ad- 

529 



ward McAllister. 



miration for my countrymen. They are enterprising, 
money-getting, in fact, a wonderful nation ; but there is 
not a gentleman among them." Hearing this, I resolved 
he should get no chance to meet me and pass on my merits. 



tebC*4&a£t*&Z 



SUMMARY. 

Unpretentious. 
Without Arrogance. 
Without Self-assertion. 

Courteous and Kind. 
Modest in Apparel. 
Quiet in Taste. 
Natural, Gentle Manner. 



530 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WRITINGS, 

HOW YOU MAY JOIN THE 400. 

Society includes the whole social world — "The Smart Set," 
K The Literary Set/' in fact, all sets. In the words of Disraeli, 
11 Personal distinction is the only passport to it." Whether this 
distinction arises from fortune, family, or talent is immaterial, but 
certain it is, to enter into the best society a man must have either 
blood, a million, or genius. 

MAKE YOURSELF ACCEPTABLE. 

If not born " in the purple," let your sons, besides their classical 
and other literary acquirements, study to make themselves accept- 
able. Attract prominent people's attention by the general art of 
pleasing ; above all, study courtesy and avoid pretension ; feel 
that a gentleman can do anything ; always have consideration for 
the feelings of other people. Teach them to bow well. I never 
knew a quack or adventurer who could bow well ; it requires a 
dignity which can only result from a consciousness of high breed- 
ing or a high moral character. Thus armed and equipped, with- 
out the slightest push, the right hand of fellowship will be extended 
to you, and you will soon secure all that society has to dispose of. 

THE THREE FOUNDATIONS. 

Pre-eminence in the social order of our country must now be 
founded on one of these three : Birth and riches, personal merit 
with an income, political power with wealth. Industry, commerce,, 
and education have developed all sorts of personal merit, when, 
combined with riches, it is a power in society, whether smart or 
slouching. There is, no doubt, a presumption of personal merit in 
a child, which merit comes by birth, and from ancestors who were 
gentlemen and ladies, but it is. for the child to maintain the pre- 
sumption by his or her conduct. 

531 



ward McAllister. 

Political power is really of little control in New York society. 
Of men who have made their own social position, James Russell 
Lowell is an instance. An out-and-out Puritan, his father a Pres- 
byterian clergyman, he goes to England and becomes the most ac- 
ceptable man that we have sent there since the days of Washing- 
ton Irving. His personality and his individuality made its way 
with all classes. 

CHILDREN OF THE BRITISH NOBILITY. 

{From a Correspondent of the "New Yorlx Sun.") 

Their regime until they take their place of nothingness in the 
world is one of considerable rigor. Good health, good manners, 
good habits, and good morals are the unceasing seeking of those 
who have them in charge, and the discipline invoked with this end 
in view is really severe and tireless. That they do not all become 
pretty fine men and women can scarcely be the fault of their 
training. 

It is fortunate for any child to be born in the country. It is 
estimated that this good fortune has befallen ninety per cent, of 
the British nobility. Whatever demand London or continental 
cities make upon the British nobleman in point of social duties 
and residence, his town house is after all only his lodging-house; 
and this holds true even if it be a splendid palace. The necessi- 
ties of the " season " are attended to here. His home is always in 
the country. The great demesne or manor is a little kingdom of 
itself: always striking in situation, always more beautiful than 
nature's unaided effort, and ever a spot where child life, at least, 
finds physically the widest, wisest, and most healthful develop- 
ment. 

Whether the castle is asleep in its home life, or is stirred with 
the presence of many noble visitors, its child life ever remains the 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WRITINGS. 

same. Children are reared almost without seeing their parents 
save by chance. The regime of meals is as strict and formal as 
that with their elders. The governess is always with them at 
meals, and indeed practically never absent from them. Their 
study, play hours, meals, outings, and hours for rising and retiring 
are as rigorously observed as at a military school. Their clothing 
is wholly prepared under the direction of the governess. Her 
ladyship simply receives reports of discipline and progress. She 
is in no sense their mother. On rare occasions, when her lady- 
ship is alone or when guests who are close friends are present, 
they are permitted to appear, with the governess, at the family 
table. But these occasions, while regarded as rewards, are dis- 
mally formal and austere. Some things these children gain. The 
vast grounds are full of sweetness, sunlight, and song. They are 
kept in these every moment permissible from their studies. I 
believe them to be, from infancy to their departure for school, and 
sometimes until their entrance to noble society, the healthiest 
children and youths in the world. Something else is gained. As 
a rule, their compulsory and habitual abnegation before their 
elders prevents that insufferable arrogance and turbulent, insult- 
ing self-consciousness of the average petted and spoiled American 
youth. So, too, if they lose the society of their titled parents, they 
gain within and without castle doors, if the same be not always 
retained, as I have seen in progress about these unduly grand 
palaces, a democracy of affection and a growth of innocent love 
among a host of very reciprocative if quaint and simple folk. 



533 



LX. 

THE ENGLISH GENTLEMAN AND LADY. 



LIVING MAXIMS FROM POPULAR AUTHORS. 
E. J. HARDY. 

(Author of "Manners Mdketh Man.") 

A beautiful behavior is better than a beautiful form ; it gives a 
higher pleasure than statues and pictures ; it is the finest of the 
fine arts." How well it is, then, that no one class has a monopoly 
in this " finest of fine arts." 

Good manners, like good words, cost nothing, and are worth 
everything. 

-Hardness is a want of minute attention to the feelings of 
others. . . . The gentleman on the other side of you . . . 
has displeased and dispirited you, from wanting that fine vision 
which sees little things, and that delicate touch which handles 
them, and that line sympathy which this superior moral organiza- 
tion always bestows," says Sydney Smith. 

A well-mannered man is courteous to all sorts and conditions of 
men. He is respectful to his inferiors as well as to his equals and 
superiors. Honoring the image of God in every man, his good 
manners are not reserved for the few who can pay for them, or 
who make themselves feared. Like the gentle summer air, his 
civility plays round all alike. 

Good manners, founded as they are on common-sense, are always 
and everywhere the same. 

Money, talent, rank — these are keys that turn some locks ; but 
kindness or a sympathetic manner is a master-key that can open all. 



ENGLISH MAXIMS. 

Men succeed in their professions quite as much by complaisance 
and kindliness of manner as by talent. 

A telling preacher in his opening remarks gains the good-will 
of his hearers, and makes them feel both that he has something to 
say and that he can say it — by his manner. 

A polite person means, in the first instance, one who displays 
the virtues of a good citizen. 

A really good manner is like our skin, put on from within, and 
never taken off while we are alive. 

A gentleman is gentle in thought, word, and deed. He is 
generous and just, honorable and brave : and having all these 
qualities, he exercises them in the most gracious outward manner. 
A true gentleman pays his bills ; is a good son, husband, father, 
and friend. His aims in life are high, and he keeps from all that 
is mean. 

Whoever makes the fewest persons uncomfortable is the best- 
mannered man in a room. 

Lord Chesterfield defined good-breeding as the result of "much 
good-sense, some good-nature, and a little self -denial." 

The test ... of true gentlemanliness is, to behave well to 
the weak and those in an humbler position in life. 

Cultivate small pleasures. 

HAIN FRISWELL. 

(Author of "The Gentle Life") 

Not cheapest, but best, should be the tradesman's motto. 

There is such security, such happiness, such bravery in doing a 
good thing and selling a good thing. 

When we can feel that all flesh and blood are of one family 
. . . we shall have advanced more than one step towards a 
better kind of civilization. 

536 






HAIN FRISWELL. 

Perhaps there is no power in the world which is not wholly of 
the world that is so magical in its effects as sympathy. 

To know what to say, and how and when to say it, aignes a 
very considerable grasp of mind. 

Tact is not everything, but it is much. 

Tact may be born with a man, but it may also be acquired. 

To be humble-minded, meek in spirit, but bold in thought and 
action ; to be truthful, sincere, generous ; to be pitiful to the poor 
and needy, respectful to all men ; to guide the young, defer to old 
age ; to enjoy and be thankful for our own lot, and to envy none — 
this is, indeed, to be gentle, after the best model the world has 
ever seen, and is far better than being genteel. 

There is a general complaint nowadays prevalent, that we have 
'•no gentlemen v : that is, no young ones. . . . Speaking 
seriously, the assertion is very true ; so true, that we hardly need 
a very general acquaintance with society to assure us that man- 
ners are now unstudied, and that manner is bad. 

Cheerfulness ... is a brave habit of the mind ; a prime proof of 
wisdom ; capable of being acquired, and of the very greatest value. 

Exercise, or continued employment of some kind, will make a 
man cheerful. 

It is better to be the companion of a few than of many. 

People who are above you in station take pretty good care to let 
you know that they are so ; or they make you suffer by an inso- 
lent neglect, or if they do not, their friends and servants do so. 

The man who has no revenue but his good name had better 
keep away from the companionship of rich men. 

The most agreeable of all companions is a good, honest, simple per- 
son, with a clear head and heart, and a mind like a freshly polished 
crystal, easily seen through ; a fellow who will laugh innocently with 
us, and enjoy simple things, who is man of the world enough not 
to expect too much, but not of the world enough to be cunning. 

537 



ENGLISH MAXIMS. 

Half the misery of human lif e consists in our making a wrong es- 
timate of it, and in being disappointed when we find out our fault. 

A kindly consideration for others is the best method in the 
world to adopt to ease off our own troubles. 

If we look at a disappointment as a lesson, we soon take the 
stiug out of it. 

The constantly cheerful man, who survives his blighted hopes 
and disappointments, who takes them just for what they are, les- 
sons, and perhaps blessings in disguise, is the true hero. ' 

Poverty is only a personal condition. A man's soul, influence, 
mind, and heart are always above it if he is a great man. 

Both men and women have their rights, and one of the most 
sacred is doing the best for themselves. 

It requires judgment to do good ; nay, it requires more judg- 
ment to do good than it does to do evil : any fool can do that. 

It is a hard thing to be wisely good ; it is hard to believe faith- 
fully ; it is hard to produce anything beautiful, lasting, and true. 

The health of the mind should form the study of every man. 

Habit, custom, education, teach the mind almost always all it 
knows. 

When a man has a strong will he can throw off the habit or the 
phantom which pursues him ; he can leave a vice, and assume a 
virtue ; he can start from the decrepitude of brain-sickness to the 
full strength of mental health : for, essentially, mental health does 
depend upon ourselves. 

Regrets are saddening things, because so utterly useless. 

The habit of lying, once acquired, very seldom leaves a man. 

To any one who does wrong, wrong comes. 

Experience must teach us all a great deal ; and if it only teaches 
us not to fear the future, not to cast a maundering regret over the 
past, we can be as happy in old age — ay, and far more so — than 
we were in youth. We are no longer the fools of time and error. 

538 



LXI. 

BE YOUR OWN ARCHITECT. 

G. W. CHILDS, 

Philadelphia, Pa., 
Editor, Publisher. Philanthropist. 



539 



EXCELSIOR. 



"I OWE MY SUCCESS TO INDUSTRY, TEMPERANCE, AND FRUGALITY." 



MR. GEORGE W. CHILDS, a Self-made Man, 

editor of the Public Ledger, Philadelphia, writes : — 



' CLEAR conscience. 
An earnest purpose. 
A bright mind. 
A healthy body. 



•^ wj^ajj^ 



SUMMARY. 

Mind. 
Purpose. 

Health. 
Conscience. 



541 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[George William Childs was born in Baltimore, Maryland, May 12, 1829. 
He was clerk in a bookstore in Philadelphia until he opened a small shop of 
his own ; became a publisher of books, and at twenty-one was at the head 
of the firm of Childs & Peterson. In 1863 he became the proprietor of the 
Public Ledger. Mr. Childs has had placed, at his own expense, a stained- 
glass window in Westminster Abbey in memory of the poets William Cowper 
and George Herbert, and memorials to Shakespeare and Milton.] 



^r 



EXTRACTS FROM IJIS WORKS, 

FRCXU " RECOLLECTIONS." 

I want to set out by saying that I am sure you in kindness ex- 
aggerate the interest the world takes in me and my aft 3 airs. You 
say I am a successful man. Perhaps I am ; and if so, I owe my 
success to industry, temperance, and frugality. I suppose I had 
always a rather remarkable aptitude for business. James Parton, 
at any rate, was right in speaking of me in his biographical sketch 
as " bartering at school my boyish treasures — knives for pigeons, 
marbles for pop-guns, a bird-case for a book." 

I was self-supporting at a very early age. In my twelfth year, 
when school was dismissed for the summer, I took the place of 
errand-boy in a book-store in Baltimore, at a salary of two dollars 
a week, and spent the vacation in hard work. And I enjoyed it. 
1 have never been out of employment ; always found something 
t > do, and was always eager to do it, and think I earned every 
Cv-nt of my first money. When first at work in Philadelphia I 
would get up very early in the morning, go down to the store, 
and wash the pavement and put things in order before breakfast, 
and in the wintertime would make the fire and sweep out the store. 
In the same spirit, when books were bought at night at auction, I 

542 



EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS. 

would early the next morning go for them with a wheelbarrow. 
And I have never outgrown this wholesome habit of doing things 
directly and in order. I would to-day as lief carry a bundle 
up Chestnut Street from the Ledger office as I would then. As a 
matter of fact. I carry bundles very often. But I understand that 
certain young men of the period would scorn to do as much. 

At the unveiling of the Milton Memorial Window in St. Mar- 
garet's Church. Westminster, a gift of Mr. Childs, MattheAV 
Arnold said : 

"We have met here to-day to witness the unveiling of a gift in 
Milton's honor, and a gift bestowed by an American, Mr. Childs, 
of Philadelphia, whose cordial hospitality so many Englishmen. I 
myself among the number, have experienced in America. It was 
only last autumn that Stratford-upon-Avon celebrated the recep- 
tion of a gift from the same generous donor in honor of Shake- 
speare. Shakespeare and Milton — he who wishes to keep his 
standard of excellence high cannot choose two better objects of 
regard and honor. And it is an American who has chosen them, 
and whose beautiful gift in honor of one of them. Milton, with 
Mr. Whitticr's simple and true lines inscribed upon it, is unveiled 
to-day. Perhaps this gift in honor of Milton, of which I am asked 
to speak, is. even more than the gift in honor of Shakespeare, one 
to suggest edifying reflections to us." 

Richard T. Ely. Ph.D.. says of him : 

'•Mr. Childs has. however, done more than this. He has made 
himself beloved by an entire craft — namely, that to which the 
most of those employed upon his great newspaper, the Public 
Ledger, belong, the compositors — throughout the United States. 
The reader may travel south to Texas, north to Minnesota, east to 

543 



GEORGE W. CHILDS. 

Maine, or west to the shores of the Pacific, and wherever he men- 
tions the name of Mr. Childs he tonches a warm spot in the heart 
of the compositor." 

The following words are taken from an address delivered on the 
occasion of a banquet, by one of the employees in the Ledger office, 
and will bring to the reader some idea of their appreciation of the 
character of their benefactor : " My recollection of the gentleman 
who is being honored by this banquet dates back to boyhood. To 
use a qnoted expression, Mr. Childs is ' an Israelite without guile.' 
The thing in him that is plainest to me is that there is less of evil 
in him' than in any man I ever knew. No one can say that he 
went to him with a tale of true sorrow and went away empty- 
handed." 

"•Mr. Childs is called a philanthropist, and no man can have a 
nobler title." 

" When Mr. Childs acquired the Public Ledger in 1864, he made 
a distinction in the management of his business which too many 
overlook, although it is fundamental. ' Meanness,' said he, ' is not 
necessary to success in business, but economy is.' As early as 
1867 Mr. Childs had acquired a reputation as ' a just and liberal 
employer, and a kind-i_ . arted, charitable man,' and had been made 
an honorary member of 'The Philadelphia Typographical Society."' 

It is not necessary to success in business that a man should in- 
dulge in " sharp " practices. But even if it were necessary, still 
it would not follow that it is worth while. We cannot afford to 
do or say a mean thing. There are higher satisfactions than the 
mere getting of money ; and riches cannot compensate a man for 
the consciousness of having lived a dishonorable and selfish life. 



544 



LXII. 

OPINIONS IN BRIEF. 

RANDOLPH CHURCHILL. DANIEL BUTTERFIELD. 

GEORGE HOADLY. HENRY CLEWS. 

C. VAN COTT. H. R. HOPKINS. 



545 



A GOOD DIGESTION. 

WORDS FROM AN ENGLISH PEER. 

LORD RANDOLPH CHURCHILL, of London, 
"writes : — 

(N reply to your letter I would suggest that a 

good digestion is the essential quality for the 

S&*UfS§ " all-around development of a human being." I 

know no other. 

RANDOLPH CHURCHILL. 




FAITH, TRUTH, HEALTH. 



HE MUST HAVE A WIFE. 



GENERAL DANIEL BUTTERFIELD, of New Vork, 
writes : — 



%i» 



pffi^AITH, truth, and health. A sound constitution, a 
^j% . good disposition, an even temper, a clear and 



|\t§ trained intellect, a fair physique, good breeding, 



v>t and an honest nature. A true and loving wife may 
i not be given as a quality, but may as an essential. 

DANIEL BUTTERFIELD. 



on 




HEROISM TOUCHED WITH INTELLECT. 

EX-GOVERNOR GEORGE HOADLY, of Ohio, 
categorically replies : — 

OURAGE. 

2. Truth, which is courage applied to affairs, 
falsehood being the result of cowardice. 

3. Imagination in the highest sense of the term, meaning 
thereby power to enter into the feelings of others and to 
sympathize with them. 

4. Unselfishness. 

5. Tact, which is unselfishness in manners. 

GEORGE HOADLY. 



*zS^ 



VIRTUES OF THE BUSINESS MAN. 

MR. HENRY CLEWS, 

the New York banker, writes : — 

NTELLECT, perfect health, strict integrity, so- 
briety, courage, patience, unselfishness, sin- 
cerity, industry, perseverance, and determina- 
tion, with good judgment and firm religious principles as 
a guide. All these are essential qualities in the develop- 
ment of a perfect man. 

The man having such qualifications will of necessity 
possess a disposition to " do unto others as he would be 
done by," which is the best outward and visible sign of a 
perfect man. HENRY CLEWS. 

548 





HAS NOT MET HIM. 

POSTMASTER CORNELIUS VAN COTT, of New York, 
^.tv writes : — 

I EVER having met a perfect man, and having grave 
I doubts as to whether (with one notable exception) 
such a being has ever existed or could exist, and 
being consequently without the data which would 
be essential to enable me to formulate the qualities 
necessary to develop an individual of our fallen race to 
the point of absolute perfection, it will be quite impossible 
for me to contribute anything of value to the symposium 
which you propose to hold. I have no doubt, however, 
that others, who have been blessed with more fortunate 
experience, or are gifted with more faith in the possibili- 
ties of the future, will be able to supply a sufficiency of 
ideas on this interesting subject ; and in the meantime 
should my pessimistic views be changed through encoun- 
tering a faultless mortal, I shall not fail to follow the in- 
junction of the Psalmist and " mark the perfect man.' 7 

C. VAN COTT. 

THE COMING MAN. 

HENRY REED HOPKINS, M.D.. 

Professor of Hygiene, University of Buffalo, N. Y., writes: — 

dTE man whose ancestors endowed him with an 
efficient body, soul, and spirit, and with the 
capacity of attaining a knowledge of the same, 
whose potentialities of body, soul, and spirit have been 
developed and realized to the uttermost, both for perform- 
ance and for transmission to posterity. 

HENRY EEED HOPKINS. 
549 




MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

To suffer woes which hope thinks infinite ; 

To forgive wrongs darker than the death of night j 

To defy power which seems omnipotent ; 
To love and bear ; to hope till hope creates 
From its own wreck the thing it contemplates ; 

Neither to change, to falter, nor repent. 
This, like thy glory, Titan, is to be 
Good, great, and joyous, beautiful and free ; 
This is alone life, joy, empire, and victory. 

Shelley, 

There are two veils of language, hid beneath 
Whose sheltering folds we dare to be ourselves, 
And not that other half which nods and smiles 
And babbles in our name ; the one is Prayer, 
Lending its licensed freedom to the tongue 
That tells our sorrows and our sins to Heaven ; 
The other, Yerse, that throws its spangled web 
Around our naked speech and makes it bold. 

0. W. Holmes, 

Even the moral world its nobility boasts — vulgar natures 
Reckon by that which they do; noble, by that which they are. 

Schiller. 

yet we trust that, somehow, good 

Will be the final goal of ill. 

Alfred Tennyson. 

Oh, live and love worthily, bear and be bold ! 

Robert Broivning. 
550 



LXIII. 

FROM A WOMAN ANTHROPOLOGIST. 

MME. CLEMENXE ROYER, 

Paris, France, 

Naturalist^ Anthropologist, Member of the Anthropological Society of 

France. 



553 




€»?'<£ ftom Moto*. tafwAityfo* "Jticak of Sty. " GfiyyAt '*9& fy 



2 6u d M &<cat. 



CURIOSITY FOR TRUTH, 



AWAKEN SENTIMENTS OF JUSTICE. 



MME. CLEMENCE ROYER, of Paris, 

member of the Ethnological Society, the Societe d'Anthropol- 
ogie, author of " Origin of Man and Society " and many valu- 
able scientific memoirs, sends a most instructive paper. Fol- 
lowing is a translation : — 

JjRiWS to the attributes of perfect manhood, the human 
|Tid£3a b em g> like all contingent and conditioned beings, 
£JL2 is only susceptible of relative perfection. The 
& most perfect is he who best realizes his conditions of 
I life and of happiness in time, the good and the 
medium where he is called to live and there contributes 
the most efficaciously to the triumph of his race. The 
hunter of elephants of the quaternary epoch, armed with 
his hammer of chipped flint, the wandering shepherd of 
the polished stone age, could be as perfect as can be to- 
day, each in his professional role — a mechanic, an artist, 
a professor, a politician, or the most refined man in the 
world. 

My ideal is the man who seeks truth and whose will is 
always conformed to his reason, enlightened by science. 

The best type, from a purely aesthetic point of view, is 
the one of the Mediterranean branch of the white race, 
which embraces also the Greeks and the indigenous popu- 
lations of Asia Minor, those of Italy, of the south of 
France, of Spain, and of the north of Africa. From the 



MME. CLEMENCE ROYER. 

mental point of view, the product of the crossing of the 
dark Mediterranean man with the blonde woman of the 
north of the white race is superior to all other races, and 
it may be that the product of the crossing are also called 
to realize the most beautiful physical type of the future. 

The French ideal of scientific culture is just now that 
which best prepares a man to live well. This is the reason 
why at present his middle level is elevating itself and his 
superior level is becoming lower. 

You ask what organs, systems, or parts of the body, 
features of the face, or convolutions of the brain ought to 
be increased, and what reduced, to render man more god- 
like and less brute-like. Being ignorant absolutely, what 
are the organs, systems, or parts of the body of a god, the 
features of his face, and the constitution of his brain 1 I 
confess my incompetence regarding this part of the ques- 
tion. As to the resemblances of man with the brute, 
which are identical in the most necessary conditions of 
his organic life, it is dangerous for him to try to escape 
them. In the government of himself he should always be 
inspired with the moral precept of Pascal, " In trying to 
be an angel, beware lest you become a beast." (Qui veut 
faire Vangefait le bete.) 

The cardinal points to be insisted upon for the all- 
around development of the coming man are, to know, to 
learn, and yet to learn more, and ever with greater and 
greater exactness, the laws that rule the world and man. 

The points to be urged for the awakening of the higher 
intelligence of the young American are, to stimulate curi- 
osity for the true and awaken the sentiment of the just. 

556 



MME. CLEMENCE ROYER. 



The best counsel for the young man of to-day is to 
act in conformity with reason and justice, without caring 
about the moutons de Panurge, who proceed, like monkeys, 
by imitation. 

The finest quality in human nature is intelligence and 
reason, which by truth leads to justice. 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Clemence Auguste Royer was born at Nantes, about the year 1830. 
Was educated in France ; made her first appearance in literature in poems, 
published in the magazines ; settled in Switzerland to devote herself to the 
study of natural science and philosophy. In 1859 she founded at Lausanne 
a course of lectures on logic for women, which was followed by a complete 
course on philosophy, and during this time she wrote a series of articles on 
political economy for the Nouvel iZconomiste. In 1860 she took part in the dis- 
cussion opened by the Vaudois government on the theory of taxation, sharing 
the prize with Proudhon. In 1861 she published " Ce que doit etre une Eglise 
Nationale dans une Republique," and in 1862 the translation of Darwin's 
" l'Origine des Espeees." Mme. Royer has also published a philosophical 
novel, "Les Jumeaux d'Hellas," in 1862; "Origine de THomme et des So- 
cietes," in 1869 ; "Les Rites Funeraires aux Epoques Prehistoriques," in 1876 ; 
and several pamphlets on " La Fondation d'un College International Rational- 
iste," on "l'Avenir de Turin," and u Le Percement de l'lsthme, Americain." 
Mme. Royer has taken part in the free course of instruction organized at Paris, 
and has contributed to various periodicals.] 



557 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

That hut for this our souls were free, 
That* but for that our lives were blest, 

That in some season yet to be 

Our cares will leave us time to rest. 

0. W. Holmes. 

Man is man, and master of his fate. 

Alfred Tennyson. 

Let a man contend to the uttermost 
For his life's set prize, be it what it will ! 

Robert Browning. 

Life's a vast sea 
That does its mighty errand without fail, 
Panting in unchanged strength though waves are changing. 

George Eliot. 
Genius is divine, 
Genius is true : 
Man becomes that which he worships. 

Mary Morgan (Gowan Lea). 

When our thoughts are born, 

Though they be good and humble, one should mind 

How they are reared, or some will go astray 

And shame their mother. 

Jean Ingeloiv. 

Nature, gracious mother of us all, 

Within thy bosom myriad secrets lie, 

Which thou surrenderest to the patient eye 

That seeks and waits. 

Margaret J. Preston. 

558 



LXIV. 

ETHICAL AND SCIENTIFIC CULTURE. 

MRS. HARRIET P. SPOFFORD, 

Newburyport, Mass., 
Author and Poet. 

GAIL HAMILTON, 

Washington, D. C. 



559 



ABSOLUTE UNSELFISHNESS. 



CARDINAL VIRTUES. 



MRS. HARRIET P. SPOFFORD 

writes the following from Newburyport, Mass. : — 

IIHife^ y° u kindly invite me to answer your questions,, 
\ I will do so as briefly as possible. What are the 
best forms of culture 1 The scientific and the 
ethical, advancing equally the intellectual and the 
moral nature ; those leading to the penetration of the 
secrets of the universe and those leading to the establish- 
ment of the brotherhood of man. What qualities are 
necessary for the higher development of the young man % 
Purity, temperance, truth, courage ; or, in two words, ab- 
solute unselfishness. 

Very cordially, 




&~~^ <P 




SUMMARY. 

Truth. 

Courage. 
Temperance. 

Purity. 



561 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Harriet Prescott Spofford, the daughter of Joseph N. Preseott, was 
"born in Calais, Maine, April 3, 1835. She was educated in Newburyport, 
Mass., and at the Pinkerton Academy, Derry, N. H., where she graduated at 
seventeen. She began to write at an early age and contributed both prose 
and poetry to periodicals. Her published books are: "Sir Rohan's Ghost," 
1859; "The Amber Gods, and Other Stories," 1863; "Azarian," 1864; "New 
England Legends," 1871; "The Thief in the Night," 1872; "Art Decoration 
Applied to Furniture," 1881 ; "Marquis of Carabas," 1882 ; "Poems," 1882; 
"Hester Stanley at St. Mark's," 1883; "The Servant-Girl Question," 1884; 
and "Ballads About Authors," 1888. In 1865 Miss Prescott married Mr. 
Richard S. Spofford, of Boston.] 



— srz^-^G-^s^— 



EXTRACTS FROM HER WRITINGS. 

The whole fabric of society is thus one of interwoven depend- 
ence; if the employed cannot be independent of the employer, 
neither can the employer be independent of the employed : each 
owes the other also a duty in the complete fulfilment of the tacit 
contract between them ; so that on the whole it is exactly as hon- 
orable to be a good servant as to be a good master. 

Selfishness is not a matter of intention, bnt of hnman nature, 
and impatience with awkward ignorance and wilfulness and im- 
prudence is something that requires an hourly and momentary 
check upon thoughts and feelings and words. 

G-ood housekeeping lies at the root of all the real ease and satis- 
faction in existence. 

The first great prescription for all our woes ... is nothing 
else than reasonableness. 

Be good and know your business, and you will be happy. 

Pride, after all, seems to be the chief barrier between us and 
bliss in most things. 

562 



OPINIONS IN BRIEF. 



NOT FEELING ANTHROPOLOGICAL. 



GAIL HAMILTON, 




in a charming and extremely diminutive note, writes from 
Washington : — 

^ AM flattered by your kind invitation, but I 
f have nothing anthropological or ethical to say 
that would be at all worthy of your anthropolog- 
ical and ethical scientific committee. 
"With many thanks, respectfully yours, 



MAXIMS FROM GAIL HAMILTON, 

To find fault is not necessarily to be wise. 

One should count the cost before going to war, and if he cannot 
stand the strain, let him not chaw the sword. 

If the cultivation of facidties is the crucial test, many a man 
will be in evil case as compared with his dog. 

Kindness to animals is, like every other good thing, its own 
reward. 

FROM "WOMAN'S WRONGS." 

We must take things as they are, bending them always towards 
the right. 

563 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 



A sacred burden is this life ye bear : 
Look on it, lift it, bear it solemnly, 
Stand up and walk beneath it steadfastly. 
Fail not for sorrow, falter not for sin, 
But onward, upward, till the goal ye win. 

Frances Anne K&mMe. 

Rugged strength and radiant beauty — 

These were one in Nature's plan ; 
Humble toil and heavenward duty — 

These will form the perfect man. 

Sarah J. Hale. 

Honor to those whose words or deeds 

Thus help us in our daily needs, 

And by their overflow 

Raise us from what is low. 

H. W. Longfellow. 

I One kindly deed may turn 

The fountain of thy soul 

To love's sweet day-star. 

0. W. Holmes. 

Progress is 
The law of life : man is not Man as yet. 

Robert Browning. 

Grace, Beauty, and Caprice 

Build this golden portal ;* 

Graceful women, chosen men 

Dazzle every mortal. 

B. W. Emerson. 

* Manners. 
5b'4 



LXV. 

THE AMERICAN GIRL. 

MRS. E. S. MEAD, 

South Hadley, Mass., 

President of Mt. Holyoke Seminary and College. 



565 



THE AMERICAN GIRL 



MORE HEIGHT AND DEPTH WANTED. 



MRS. E. S. MEAD, 



President of the Mt. Holyoke Seminary and College, kindly 
responds to our inquiries as follows : — 



^HE American girl needs physical, intellectual, spirit- 
ual, and moral training. The conditions of Ameri- 
can life demand of woman the noblest and most round- 
about development. 

2. The Christian college is, in my mind, best adapted to 
attain it. 

3. The American girl of to-day lacks high culture, that 
expresses itself in refined manners, that is deferential to 
age and superiority. She lacks the dignity that comes 
from a depth of character developed by the experiences of 
solitude. 

The world is too much within her mind. 

4. The American girl must study to know herself, and 
the great minds of her own and other ages. She must 
gain self-control, and the power of " ordered thought," A 
full college course, requiring the closest application of 
mind, with consecration to the highest ideal in human 
character — the one perfect standard — will develop these 
desirable qualities. 



£. 0./&L^ 



567 



SHAKESPEARE WITH VARIATIONS. 

APPREHENSION OF WOMAN. 
MISS EDITH THOMAS, 

the gifted poet, sends us the following : — 



Wm LEASE allow me to say (making use of that uni- 
f Sfpjs versal and unlimited complaisance shown by men 
InSJ- to women) : It would seem invidious to select 
^ from the multitude of varying excellencies any 

one type as the " ideal man" ; but Hamlet's rhapsody 
might not unfitly be quoted : " What a piece of work is 
man ! How noble in reason ! How infinite in faculties ! 
. . . In apprehension [particularly with regard to the 
qualities of women] how like a god ! " 

Very sincerely yours, 

EDITH THOMAS. 



EXTRACT FROM "DEW OF PARNASSUS," 

BY MISS THOMAS. 

How shall we know when he conies for whom are those garments 

of bay ? 
How single him forth from the many that pass and repass on 

their way ? 
Easily may we discern him and beckon him forth from the 

throng ; 
Ye shall surely know him by this, — he hath slept on the mountain 

of song. 

Know by the dew on his raiment, his forehead, and clustering 

hair; 
Dew of the night on Parnassus he for a token shall wear. 

568 



LXVI. 

WORK FOR GOD AND HOME AND 
NATIVE LAND. 

FRANCES E. WILLARD, 

Chicago, III., 

Lecturer, Philanthropist, and President of the National Woman's 
Christian Tempera?ice Union. 



571 




Snp'd/*am Main, cr/lvcuty fix- "Jdcak o/^c/c. " CSfiynpAt </tq2 ty <5. M «0£ 



%VJU M#tui, \}JWheti*w 



fl 



^ ( /fmLejuJUhJU^M^ 



SELF-SURRENDER AND FAITH. 



A CHRISTIAN WOMAN. 



MISS FRANCES E. WILLARD, 

the eminent philanthropist, writes : — 




AM not a scientist, and can only answer from my 
point of view. It is my sincere opinion that the 
most advanced forms of culture are based upon 
Christianity. I believe the following to be the best 
working hypothesis of culture : " Seek ye first the king- 
dom of Glod and His righteousness, and all these things 
shall be added unto you." Spirit, soul, and body are best 
conserved, built up, amplified, magnified, glorified through 
the power of an indwelling Christ dependent upon self- 
surrender and faith. As nature abhors a vacuum, so the 
Spirit of Grod, by a law as unerring as that of gravitation, 
enters the heart that makes room for Him, and permeates 
it to the degree that room is made ; and it is impossible to 
have " an all-around development " for the coming young 
man or the coming young woman outside the concept that 
the body is the temple of the Holy Spirit, the most sacred 
altar the world has known, from which the Shekinah 
should shed its radiance of love and light and life on all 
around. 

573 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Frances Elizabeth Willard was born in Churchville, N. Y., September 
28, 1839. She graduated at a college in Evanston, 111. ; became Professor of 
Natural Science there in 1862, and was principal of Genesee Wesleyan Semin- 
ary in 1866. She studied in Paris, travelled, and in 1871 was Professor of 
^Esthetics in Northwestern University, and dean of the Woman's College, 
where she developed her system of self-government, which has been adopted 
by other educators. Since 1874 Miss Willard has identified herself with the 
Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She has contributed largely to the 
press and magazines, and has written many pamphlets. Among her published 
books are "Woman and Temperance," 1883; "How to Win," 1886; "Woman 
in the Pulpit," 1888; and "Glimpses of Fifty Years," 1889.] 



EXTRACTS FROM HER WORKS. 



HOME MAKES THE MAN. 



Happy the man that women trust and little children praise I 
Emerson says: "There is more kindness than is ever spoken; 
the whole world is bathed in an atmosphere of love like a fine 
ether." I saw that sentence in my youth, and have believed it al- 
ways. There is more tenderness nnuttered than there is wrath ; 
and it seems to me a gracious thing that we speak out our hearts 
concerning one whom we honor and believe in, while he can hear 
our friendly voices before death's finger has forever stopped the 
ears of those who are bound to him by ties of kindred and home's 
holy love. It was said by a French soldier whose well-nigh fatal 
wound near the heart was being probed after the battle of Water- 
loo : " Surgeon, if you go much deeper you'll find the emperor." 
I believe that if every normal heart of man were probed, its deep- 
est, sweetest, and most cherished earthly image would be its home. 
Yet he who wrote home's sweetest song ne'er had one of his own. 
Gail Hamilton says : "I love women, I adore them," but makes 

574 



EXTRACTS FROM HER WORKS. 

amends by declaring in the next breath, " There's nothing so 
splendid as a splendid man." I take it that without controversy 
she meant a married man, for all the world knows that on the 
principle of the " survival of the fittest " it must look to such to 
illustrate its loftiest ideal of womanhood. All women think that 
if all men were but like some married men that they could name, 
the tedious question, "Is life worth living ?" would never have 
been raised. For these men have a gentle strength, a brotherly 
considerateness, a homelikeness of face and voice and manner 
quite unmistakable, and no one can be like them save as he bends 
his head to pass through the flower- wreathed gateway of what he 
needs as much as any woman ever did — " a home of his own." I 
undertake, in opposition to the commonly received opinion, to 
declare that the dearest and most disinterested lovers of home 
upon this earth are men. A thousand motives, prejudices, and 
conventionalities hedge women into homes, but men, with all the 
world to choose from, choose the home. It is the most redeeming 
fact in their long and somewhat varied annals, and predicts as 
nothing else can their ultimate perfectibility ! To judge man in 
the home at his just valuation, we have but to compare him with 
his fellows in the camp, the ship, the pinery, the dram-shop. That 
is, we have but to estimate the dignity and value of the normal 
over the abnormal, the complete as against the fractional. Nor 
does it matter whether his home be a "dug-out" in Dakota or a 
brownstone front in Boston. The man with the one woman that 
he loves, and who loves him, standing in the relation of undoubted 
equal and true yoke-fellow to all his plans and toil, with happy 
children at his knee, and an unselfish purpose in his soul, is as far 
removed from his self-centred, squandering, dissatisfied brethren 
as is the lighthouse keeper from the shipwrecked crew. 

Almost every one has inspiration and purpose, but the difference 
in the light shed from these two flames brought down from heaven 

575 



FRANCES E. WTLLARD. 

is in different persons like that between a firefly and a star. One 
sparkles for a moment in the darkness, but gnides nowhere, be- 
cause its chief characteristic is its intermittence ; the other lends 
the illumination of its mild, unchanging light to every eye that is 
lifted to behold it. So will it be in the age of brotherhood that 
shall kill out this age of gold ; unhampered by the everlasting 
grind of necessities that we have in common with the brute crea- 
tion, the steady, shining star of a purpose great as the soul and 
sacred as immortality shall light up every life of man. 

FROM "HOW TO WTN." 

Keep to your specialty. 

As iron filings fall into line around a magnet, so make your 
opportunities cluster close about your magic gift. 

Understand this first, last, and always: The world wants the best 
thing. 

Self-culture is never base ; it is often noble, but it can never be 
the noblest aim of all. 

I would not undervalue the culture of the intellect, but would 
exalt the culture of the heart. 

No greater good can come to the manhood of the world than is 
prophesied in the increasing community of thought and works 
between it and the world's womanhood. 

The ideal man is a "Brother of Girls," as the choice Arab 
proverb phrases it. 

We write our own hieroglyphics on our own faces as plainly as 
ever etchings are traced by artists. 

Be true to the dream of your youth. Hold fast to the highest 
ideals that flash upon your vision in hours of exaltation. 

A sound mind cannot exist except in a sound body. 

Repetition is the only basis of perfection. 

576 



EXTRACTS FROM HER WORKS. 

Time is the stuff that life is made of ; the crucible of character, 
the arena of achievement, and woe to those who fritter it away. 

Achievement, which is growth's condition, ought to be the bread 
of life to us, the tireless inspiration of each full day of honest toil. 

EXTRACTS FROM MISS WILLARDS ESTIMATE OF JOHN B. GOUGH. 

He had all weapons at command : but argument, pathos, wit, 
and mimicry were the four elements which, entering almost 
equally into every speech I ever heard from him, made Mr. Gough 
the most completely equipped and many-sided orator of his time. 
Others have equalled him in any one of these gifts of persuasion ; 
a few, possibly, have excelled him in each, but none approach his 
rank as a combination of all the elements of power in public 
speech. More than any one else lie kept his audience on the qui 
vive. We never knew what to expect next, his antitheses were so 
startling, his transitions as an actor so abrupt. -'From grave to 
gay, from lively to severe n he ranged, " all things by turns, and 
nothing long." 

His voice was in complete harmony with the make-up I have 
described. It sounded the whole diapason of human joy and 
sorrow ; at one breath it thundered, and the next was soft and 
cooing as a dove : now it was rich with laughter, then deluged 
with tears ; now hot with hate, then balmy with tenderness ; now 
vibrant with command or sibilant with scorn, then full of coax- 
ing and caress. The voice was the man's completest instrument 
and exponent ; he was its perfect master, and hence with it could 
master all who heard. . . . 

I remember he told how, years before, he had, in speaking, 
brought down his hand with so much force upon a marble-topped 
table as to break a finger-bone, but was so intent upon his sub- 
ject that he never knew it until the address was ended. . . . 

577 



FRANCES E. WILLARD. 

How little I dreamed of approaching the great orator that 
night. The distance between us seemed like an abyss ; and so, 
while others in no wise entitled to do so intruded upon him in his 
weariness, I went home through the mud and darkness, a loyal 
l>ut silent worshipper at his shrine, saying to myself : " It is the 
sublimest thing in all the world to lift humanity to nobler levels 
through the gift of speech, but to women the world does not per- 
mit such blessedness." How little did I dream that in the unfold- 
ing of God's great fairy story entitled "Life," twenty years 
should elapse before that chief leader of the world's greatest re- 
form would say of the Women's Christian Temperance Union 
with its two hundred women speakers in the field, " Your society 
is doing more to advance the cause of temperance than all other 
agencies combined.' 7 



578 



LXVII. 

ALL IN THREE WORDS. 

MRS. JOHN SHERWOOD, 

New York, 
Author and Society Leader. 



579 



AMERICAN CULTURE 



SUMMED UP EN THREE WORDS. 



MRS. JOHN SHERWOOD. 



one of the most prominent social leaders of New York, "being 
asked to give her opinion in three words, writes as follows : — 



IJfHAT three qualities had young Americans best cul- 
tivate ? 
Modesty, moderation, and politeness. 





BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 



[M. E. Sherwood, born in Keene. N. H., daughter of James "Wilson. Mem- 
ber of Congress for Xew Hampshire, married John Sherwood, a lawyer of Xew 
York City. She is well known as a society leader, and has devoted special 
attention to literary and artistic pursuits. She has given very successful 
readings in Xew York, London. Paris, and other centres, and contributed 
widely to periodicals. She is author of " Sarcasm of Destiny," 1877 ; ''Home 
Amusements,'" 1881: ''Amenities of Home," 1881; "A Transplanted Rose." 
1882; "Manners and Social Usages." 1881.] 



581 



WISDOM FROM WOMEN. 

FROM "MANNERS AND SOCIAL USAGES." 
(By Mrs. John Sherwood.) 

Certain immutable principles remain common to all elegant 
people who assume to gather society about them, and who wish 
to enter its portals ; the absent-minded scholar from his library 
should not ignore them, the fresh young farmer from the country 
feels and recognizes their importance. If we are to live together 
in unity we must" make society a pleasant thing, we must obey cer- 
tain formal rules, and these rules must conform to the fashion of 
the period. 

If a man have already the grace of high culture, he should seek 
to add to it the knowledge of social laws, which will render him 
an agreeable person to be met in society. 

A young man is " bad society" who is indifferent to those older 
than himself, who neglects to acknowledge invitations, who sits 
while a lady stands, who goes to a ball and does not speak to his 
host, who is selfish, who is notoriously immoral and careless of 
his good name, and who throws discredit on his father and mother 
by showing his ill-breeding. 

Men have a right to be exclusive as to their acquaintances, of 
course ; but at a lady's table, or in her parlor, they should never 
openly show distaste for each other's society before her. 

The fact remains that the best-bred and most truly aristocratic 
people do not find it necessary to hurt any one's feelings. 

Punctuality in keeping all engagements is a feature of a well- 
bred character, in society as well as in business, and it cannot be 
too thoroughly insisted upon. 



582 



LXVIII. 

A CHRISTIAN GENTLEMAN. 

GRACE GREENWOOD, 

New York City, 
Author, Poet, Editor. 



583 



GENTLENESS AND INTEGRITY. 



GRACE GREENWOOD'S IDEA. 




^HAT qualities are necessary for the all-around de- 
velopment or the higher development of the com- 
ing young man ? 

Gentleness and integrity. I hope the "coming young 
man" may be a gentleman of the highest and bravest 
Christian type, that though his development be "all- 
around " his moral principles may be " on the square." 

Start him with a good mother, let her impress into him 
a reverence for all good women, and he will be all right 
when he comes. May I be here to see. 




BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Sara Jane Clarke Lippincott (Grace Greenwood) was born in Pom- 
pey, N. Y., September 23, 1823. In 1842 she went with her father to Penn- 
sylvania, and in 1853 married Leander K. Lippincott. She began to write 
at an early age, and has been connected with many of the leading newspapers 
and periodicals, both as a contributor and as editor. Mrs. Lippincott's best 
known poem is "Ariadne," and among her other works are: "Greenwood 
Leaves," 1850 ; "Haps and Mishaps of a Tour in Europe," 1854 ; "History for 
Children," 1858; "New Life in New Lands," 1873.] 

585 



MOTTOES :— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

We live in deeds, not years ; in thoughts, not breaths ; 
In feelings, not in figures on a dial. 
We should count time by heart-throbs. He most lives 
Who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the best. 

Bailey. 

I slept and dreamed that life was beauty, 
I woke and found that life was duty. 
Toil on, my heart, courageously, 
And thou shalt find thy dream to be 
A noonday light and truth to thee. 

Mien Sturgts Hooper. 

Who waits until the wind shall silent keep, 

Will never find the ready hour to sow ; 

Who watcheth clouds will have no time to reap. 

Helen Hunt Jackson. 

Lord of all life below, above, 

Whose light is truth, whose warmth is love. 

0. W. Holmes. 

Duty be mine to tread in that high sphere 
Where love from duty ne'er disports. 

Robert Browning. 

Only two virtues exist. Oh, would they were ever united ! 
Ever the good with the great, ever the great with the good ! 

Schiller. 

>Tis good- will makes intelligence. 

Emerson. 
586 



LXIX. 

AN ALL-AROUND DEVELOPMENT 
WANTED. 

AGNES REPPLIER, 

Boston, 
Author and Critic. 



587 



THE CLASSICS WOULD BE AN ADVANTAGE. 

INTELLECTUALLY HE HAS FAR TO GO, AND AESTHETICALLY HE HAS YET TO 
MAKE A BEGINNING. 




MISS AGNES REPPLIER, 

sends the following : — 

N answer to the four questions you submit to me, 
I would say : 

1. That the American youth can bear further 
development in every field you indicate. Intellectually, 
he has still far to go, and aesthetically, he has yet to make 
a beginning. 

2. That a thorough and loving study of the neglected 
classics in college would be of great advantage. 

3. That reverence, honesty, and distinction of characters 
are the qualities that seem to me most lacking. 

4. That to obtain these qualities the American youth 
might read fewer newspapers and better books; might 
think less of making money, and more of an honorable 
and untainted name ; and might believe in the value and 
beauty of many things which he does not wholly under- 
stand. 



589 



WISDOM FROM WOMEN. 

AGNES REPPLIER. 

Books, we say, are our dearest friends, and so, with true friendly 
acuteness, we are prompt to discover their faults, and take great 
credit in our ingenuity. 

The child who has ever cried over any great historic tragedy is 
richer for the experience. 

Hunger is a perfectly legitimate and very valuable incentive to 
industry. 

GRACE H. DODGE. 

Keep account of what you spend, and realize that it is as impor- 
tant to save pennies as dollars, for shortly the cents will become a 
dollar, if care is taken. 

Let our dress be suitable for the occasion and for ourselves. 

Respect and perfect confidence are at the root of all true love. 

A new life started out in any sort of deceit cannot be a happy 
one. 

Work, if possible, with system, planning out duties as far as 
possible with method, and try and have regular days for regular 
duties. 

Put your heart into your work. 

Thrift means making the most of one's money, and never spend- 
ing it unnecessarily. 

We must respect ourselves and make others respect us. 

Work, if possible, with system, planning out duties as far as 
possible with method, and try and have regular days for regular 
duties. 

LITA ANGELICA RICE. 

Be honorable. 

Life is a happiness to you, 
You love the beautiful and true. 
To all you meet you kindness give ; 
That's why 'tis happiness to live. 

Never slam a door. It means either ill-temper or ill-breeding. 

590 



LXX. 

A HIGHER PLANE OF CIVILIZATION, 

BLANCHE WILLIS HOWARD, 

Stuttgart, Germany, 
Antlior a?id Poet. 



591 



THE MAN OF THE ELECTRIC MORROW. 

GREATNESS OF LOVE DOES NOT INCREASE IN RATIO OF GROWTH OF MODERN 
CONVENIENCES AND INVENTIONS. 



BLANCHE WILLIS HOWARD 

sends us this delightful communication from Stuttgart, Ger- 
many : — 

^§HE coining man will have some difficulty in overtak- 
M® ing the man who is gone. Greatness of sonl does 
not increase in direct ratio to the growth of modern con- 
veniences and inventions. Plato, Socrates, and Marcus 
Aurelius had no telephone and never travelled in a Pull- 
man car, yet the calm heights which their feet trod tower 
white through the ages. 

There is small danger that the youth of the electric 
morrow will err from dreaminess and inaction. He will 
not be apt to neglect his immediate material interests for 
the pure joys of contemplation. 

But when he shall have perceived that he is, inevitably 

and for all time, his brother's keeper, he will have made a 

long stride towards a higher plane of civilization, and may 

hope to eventually attain that perfect psychic equipoise, 

that faultless adjustment to his surroundings, which will 

enable him to justly balance his brother's rights against 

his own ; to love and respect his brother while respecting 

and loving himself ; to have a cheerful faith in both, doing 

his own work ardently, yet moved by generous sympathy 

for his brother's scheme ; to realize that exclusively com- 

593 



BLANCHE WILLIS HOWARD. 

mercial as exclusively professional ends dwarf the spirit ; 
to revere what is noble wherever manifested, and without 
distinction of time, race, place, creed, color, or sex; to 
comprehend the stranger ; to pardon — as Voltaire says — 
the virtues of his enemies ; or, still better, to lose, in his 
large and pitiful humanity, all prejudice, hatreds, and 
other limitations imposed on us to-day by our ignorance, 
until no man is to him a foreigner, none an enemy. 
Magnanimity is surely the final meaning of culture. 



SUMMARY. 

Greatness of Soul. 
Psychic Equipoise. 
Adjustment to Surroundings. 
Revere what is Noble. 

Work Ardently. 

Man His Brother's Keeper. 

Generous Sympathy. 

Magnanimity. 

Large Humanity. 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Blanche Willis Howard was born in Bangor, Maine, July 21, 1847. For 
several years she has lived in Stuttgart, Germany, where she married a Ger- 
man baron. Her books are " One Summer/ 7 1875 ; " One Year Abroad," 1877 ; 
"Aunt Serena," 1880; " Queen," 1882; and others.] 

594 



LXXI. 

FROM THE AUTHOR OF 

THE PURITAN PAGAN. 

MRS. VAX RENSSELAER CRUGER (Julien Gordon), 

New York, 
Novelist, Miscellaneous Writer, Society Leader. 



595 



PERFECTION OF THE BODY. 



JULIEN GORDON COMPLIMENTS ELEGANCE AND A DISTINGUISHED BEARING. 




Following is the contribution:— 

THINK the young American peculiarly deficient 
Hf in elegance, grace, and discipline of the body. 

I presume military exercises and training and 
athletics are conducive to a line and distinguished 
bearing. The society of critical, refined women is also im- 
portant to men — women who resent " slouchiness " in a 
man's attitude towards them as much as they would in- 
solence. 

Truly yours, 




SUMMARY. 



Military Drill. 
Athletics. 
Distinguished Bearing. 

Elegance. 
Grace. 



597 



BIOGEAPHICAL DATA. 

[Julien Gordon (Mrs. S. Van Eensselaer Cruger, nee Storrow) is a 
grand-niece of Washington Irving, and a resident of New York City. She was 
born in Paris, France, where she was educated ; since her marriage she has 
travelled extensively in Europe, and is an accomplished linguist. She has 
published five novels : "A Diplomat's Diary," 'A. Successful Man," " Mademoi- 
selle Reseda," " Vampires," and "A Puritan Pagan," besides contributing 
sketches and essays to various periodicals.] 



-^<?esfe3^; 



EXTRACTS FROM HER WRITINGS. 

The American, and I allnde only to the male, is lamentably un- 
tidy — I hesitate to say unclean, but I do not hesitate to assert, and 
to assert it vehemently, that the first clause is true of our men of 
all classes, stations, vocations, and degrees of wealth. Its evi- 
dences parade themselves in our palaces, where a lack of means 
cannot exculpate. In fact, cleanliness, neatness, and money have 
nothing whatever to do with each other. . . . Animals can 
teach men important lessons in self-respect. An American lady, 
residing in London a part of each year, when asked suddenly what 
especial superiority she found in the British over her own people, 
replied, naively : " Oh, their men are so clean ! " The thrust was 
as unconscious as it was unstudied. It were well for our men to 
accept it as such. Take one of our morning trains and ferries, 
carrying an average American crowd to the city of a morning. 
Here we have a fairly representative variety of types and of classes, 
and a sorry enough spectacle it is which presents itself to our 
view, even at this early hour. Spotted clothes, unbrushed shoul- 
ders, frowsy hair, and frayed shirt-cuffs are not uncommon. 
When this herd returns at five o'clock, after the struggle of the 
day, we will draw the veil. If I meet a man in the late afternoon, 
with uncertain finger-nails, depressed collar, and soiled cravat, and 

598 



EXTRACTS FROM HER WRITINGS. 

he laboriously explains to me that he takes his cold-water bath 
every morning at six and a sea-dip npon his return to his country- 
home before his late dinner, I refuse to be impressed. His assur- 
ances carry no conviction, even though I do not for an instant 
doubt their veracity. I do not care to be informed that he was 
clean early and will be clean anon. His present aspect is none 
the less revolting. I desire him to be clean now, while I am in 
the way with him, and not poison my day with his present forlorn 
performance. . . . The average American shuffles with his 
feet. His head is sunk and held low between his shoulders. His 
arms are carried like the grocer-boy's, busy in his conscientious 
delivery of the brown-paper parcel. If he bow to you, he will 
either give you a grin and an imperceptible nod, or shove his head- 
gear back and forth on his head without dignity. Nothing less 
impressive and distinguished can be imagined than an American's 
salute. There has been a good deal of righteous wrath covering 
the ill-concealed pin-pricks of a foolish jealousy in the tirades of 
our countrymen against the American woman's predilection for 
foreign lovers and husbands. Pray remember, my indignant gen- 
tlemen, that feminine creatures are always allured by externals. 
The male bird found it out long ago, if you did not. Nor have I 
always discovered it a certain assurance of mental brilliancy and 
moral rectitude that the poor body should be neglected. This, 
however, is the prevalent opinion, and it seems hard to persuade 
our countrymen that it is an error. ... It may be said that 
our women, on the whole, are extremely clean in their persons, 
their clothes, and their houses. They are even dainty. Probably 
no establishments are more scrupulously well kept, and this under 
that peculiar restriction as to a proper number of domestics, 
which remains a tradition even in our upper classes, and which so 
greatly increases the difficulties of housekeeping. This is a di- 
gression. If the American woman be a martinet in the ordering 

599 



JULIEN GORDON. 

of her home and so careful in the matter of her costume, is it not 
a lack of respect for her fastidiousness that her husband, father, 
and brother should, as they must do, so constantly shock her deli- 
cacy ? There is a much-abused creature going about in our streets 
and drawing-roonis, hooted, jeered at, made the laughing-stock of 
the club and the scapegoat of the theatre, a harmless, mild creat- 
ure enough as to retaliation — possibly because he is so perfectly 
self-satisfied — the dude. Now the dude has done for us a great 
deal more than we deserve, for all the abuse that is heaped on his 
good-humored defencelessness. The dude has helped to institute 
out-of-door life among us, which is excellent, and over and beyond 
this the dude keeps himself clean. 



600 



LXXII. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

MISS MARIETTA KIES, 

South Hadley, Mass., 
Professor of Philosophy in Mt. Holyoke College. 

MISS ROSE ELIZABETH CLEVELAND, 

Washington, D. C. 



601 



THINK. 



THE CONSERVATIVE IDEAL. 



MISS MARIETTA KIES, 




Professor of Philosophy in Mt. Holyoke Seminary and College, 
writes : — 



|'HAT are the attributes of perfect manhood ! 
^^L The highest character is infinitely reflected self- 
activity. These forms — the true, the beautiful, and the 
good — will bring the individual into union with his fellow- 
men through all eternity, and make him a participator in 
the divine-human work of civilization and culture, and 
the perfecting of man in the image of Grod. 

What is your ideal ? 

A completely developed intellect, and a completely de- 
veloped will. 

What are the best types ! 

Each type, as individual or nation, should work faith- 
fully after his kind. 

What is the best ideal of culture ? 

To unite insight with moral will. 

What qualities of mind, heart, energy, or character 
should be cultivated or what repressed for the higher de- 
velopment of man ? 

The seven mortal sins should be repressed : lust, glut- 
tony, avarice, sloth, anger, envy, and pride ; and the op- 
posite virtues cultivated. 

What organs, systems, or parts of the body, features of 

G03 



MISS MARIETTA KIES. 

the face, or convolutions of the brain ought to be in- 
creased, and what reduced, to render man more godlike 
and less brutelike ? 

The mind is a unit. The attention should be directed 
to the quantity and quality of the thought, and the con- 
volutions of the brain and features of the face will develop 
correctly. 

What are the cardinal points to be insisted upon for the 
all-around development of the coming man 1 

None are better than the cardinal virtues of the ancients : 
temperance, prudence, justice, fortitude ; add to these the 
celestial virtues, faith, hope, charity. 

What points are to be urged for the awakening of the 
higher intelligence of the young American ! 

That America has this problem : How to secure to all 
classes the opportunity to develop in freedom — religious 
freedom, political freedom, and industrial freedom. 

What is the best counsel for the young man of to-day 1 

Not slothful in business; fervent in spirit; serving the 
Lord. 

What is the finest quality in human nature ? 

Charity — love to mankind. 

Yours very sincerely, 



604 



WORK. 



THE MATTER SIMPLIFIED. 



MISS ROSE E. CLEVELAND 

writes us from Florence, Italy :- 



N reply to your note requesting a contribution to 
9 your "symposium" in the cause of anthropological 



I 

p3 and ethical science, " in from twelve to two hun 
dred words," I beg to reply in one, by which I con- 
sider the ground of both questions to be covered, and that 
one word— WORK ! 

Hoping my monosyllabic rejoinder may be properly in- 
terpreted and applied by those whom it may concern, I 

remain, 

Yours very truly, 



/e<^2eL^M% cz*i*Jb^L 



605 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

Work is the holiest thing in earth or heaven j 
To lift from souls the sorrow and the curse, 

This clear employment must to us be given 
While there is want in God's great universe. 

I/iicy Larcom. 

Oh, may I join the choir invisible 

Of those immortal dead who live again 

In minds made better by their presence ; live 

In pulses stirred to generosity, 

In deeds of daring rectitude, in scorn 

For miserable aims that end with self, 

In thoughts sublime that pierce the night like stars ; 

And with their mild persistence urge man's search 

To vaster issues. 

George Eliot. 

Whoso lives the holiest life 

Is fittest for to die. 

Margaret J. Preston. 

While Valor's haughty champions wait 

Till all their scars are shown, 

Love walks unchallenged through the gate 

To sit beside the throne. 

0. W. Holmes. 

When the fight begins with himself, 

A man's worth something. 

Robert Browning. 

Nature never stands still, nor souls either ; they ever go up or 
go down. j u u a c. E. Dorr. 

606 



LXXIII. 
GET BEYOND SELF. 

MRS. J. C. CROLY (Jennie June), 

New York, 

Author, Founder of Sorosis Society of New York, Editor " De??wresfs 
Mirror of Fashio?is" the "Home-Maker" 



607 



DEPEND ON YOUR OWN RESOURCES. 



VIEWS OF JENNIE JUNE. 



MRS. J. C. CROLY, 

Editor of the Home-maker, writes : — 

5^HE attributes of perfect manhood are : health, truth, 
*&£> loyalty, self-control, harmony of mental and physical 
forces. 

The best types are English and American ; I put Eng- 
lish first because there is more Saxon energy in the Eng- 
lish ; otherwise I should place the American first. 

Knowledge, understanding, refinement, make a good 
combination. 

Truth, courage, honor, sympathy, gentleness should be 
cultivated — selfishness, deception, and appropriation re- 
pressed. 

The best man is the all-around man ; his best power that 
of holding his lower nature in subordination to his higher. 

Teach the young man cultivation of what he does not like. 
The best way to develop him is to help him to the acquisition 
of the power to get beyond himself into the consideration 
of his duties to the family, the community, and the race. 

The best counsel to him is : Depend upon your own re- 
sources. 

The finest quality in the world is justice. 
Sincerely yours, 

609 



SUMMARY, 



Truth. 
Knowledge. 
Understanding. 
Get Beyond Self 

to Conception of Family, 

Community, Race. 



Health. 



Courage. 
Power. 
Self-control. 
Subordinate Lower 

to Higher Self. 
Cultivate What You do not Like. 
Depend on Your Own Resources. 

Justice. 

Loyalty. 

Refinement. 

Sympathy. 

Gentleness. 



BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. 

[Jane Cunningham Croly (Jenny June) was born in Market Harborough, 
England, December 19, 1831. She was educated in England and New York ; 
came to this country at the age of ten ; married Mr. Croly in 1857, and in 1860 
became editor of Demoresfs Quarterly Mirror of Fashion. Mrs. Croly has 
been editorially connected with many of the leading New York journals ; she 
invented the system of duplicate correspondence, and founded the Sorosis 
Club. She has published " Talks on Women's Topics," 1869 ; "For Better or 
Worse," 1875; a " Cookery Book for Young Housekeepers," "Knitters and 
Crochet," and "Letters and Monograms," 1885-6. She is at present editor of 
the Home-Maker."] 



610 



LIVE MAXIMS BY FAMOUS WOMEN. 
JULIA WARD HOWE. 

FROM '"WORDS FOR THE HOUR." 

Finite is human help — many words are a hindrance. 
Blessed is he who takes comfort in seed-time and harvest, set- 
ting the warfare of life to the hymn of the seasons. 
Honor all women. 

FROM "MODERN SOCIETY." 

No gift can make rich those who are poor in wisdom. 

Every honest heart, every thinking mind, has its value in the 
community to which it belongs. 

Pile luxury as high as you will, health is better. 

Money can help people to education, by paying for the support 
of those who can give it. 

MARY V. TERHUNE (MARION HARLAND). 

FR03I k ' EVE'S DAUGHTERS/' 

I would have our boys pure and modest, our girls brave. 

Content is best taught to average human beings by making 
them as happy as season and circumstance will permit. 

The way to learn liow to work is to work. 

It is a duty to eat. and to eat nourishing food. 

Drill thoughts and nerves into patient attention to the work of 
one hour, resolutely waiving off the ever invading shadow of the 
next. 

Hold imagination in check, and compel yourself, while you work, 
to think only of the business in hand, the appointed tale of bricks 
for the day. 

Make the best of the Present. 

611 



ELIZABETH CADY STANTON. 

There is a natural gravitation of work, which is power, into 
strong and able hands. 

Youth is emphatically the time for acquisition, for the " learn- 
ing how." 

ELIZABETH CADY STANTON. 

FROM "HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE." 

Modesty and good taste are questions of latitude and education • 
the more people know, the more then ideas are expanded, by 
travel, experience, and observation, the less easily they are shocked. 
The narrowness and bigotry of women are the result of their cir- 
cumscribed sphere of thought and action. 

We can do much by years of preparation and education of our- 
selves. . . . You cannot rely on the word of a man who is, 
or has been, the victim of an overpowering appetite. . . . We 
must raise the standard of temperance in all things. . . . Let 
us endeavor to make labor honorable to all. . . . Remember 
idleness is the parent of vice ; and there is no surer way to banish 
vice from our land, than to see that the young just coming on the 
stage of life are wisely and fully employed. 



612 



LXXIV. 

ETHICAL AND SPIRITUAL. 

ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS WARD, 

Boston, Mass., 
Author and Philanthropist. 



613 




MORALITY AND RELIGION. 

ETHICAL AND SPIRITUAL QUALITIES. 

MRS. ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS WARD, 

author of " The Gates Ajar," writes : — 

HAT are tho most advanced forms of culture ? 

Those which are consecrated to the highest ethi- 
cal ends. 

What qualities are essential for the higher development 
of the coming young man ? 
The spiritual qualities. 



EXTRACTS FROM HER WORKS, 

FROM "THE GATES AJAR," 

We must learn to bear and to work, before we can spare 
strength to dream. 

It really did me good to begin the day with a hearty laugh. 
We are most selfishly blinded by our own griefs. 
A happy home is the happiest thing in the world. 
This life is a great school-house. 



[Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward was born in Andover, Mass., August 
13, 1844. She began to write for the press at a very early age, and is much 
interested in the advancement of women. Among her publications are " Ellen's 
Idol," 1864; "The Gates Ajar," 1868; "Hedged In," 1870; "The Silent Part- 
ner," 1870; "Poetic Studies," 1875; "Old Maid's Paradise," 1879 ; "Beyond 
the Gates," 1883 ; "The Gates Between," 1887 ; and "Jack the Fisherman."] 

615 



MOTTOES:— 

AIDS TO SELF-CULTURE. 

Have hope, though clouds environ round 
And gladness hides her face in scorn, 

Put off the shadow from thy brow — 
No night but hath its morn. 

Have faith where'er thy bark is driven — 
The calms disport the tempest's mirth. 

Know this, God rules the hosts of heaven, 
The inhabitants of earth. 

Have love. Not love alone for one, 

But man as man, thy brothers all, 
And scatter like the circling sun 

Thy charities on all. Schiller. 

Let Reason first her office ply — 
Esteem and Admiration high, 
And mental, moral Sympathy. 

Arthur Hugh Clough. 

Shall it be, then, unavailing, 

All this toil for human culture 

Through the cloud-rack dark and trailing ? 

H. W. Longfellow. 

The heart must be all right, then thoughts will come like good 
children crying "here we are." Goethe. 

There are some things you must enjoy alone or with a perfectly 
sympathetic nature. Blanche Willis Howard. 

Kindness is wisdom. Bailey. 

616 



HUMAN PERFECTION. 

HOW TO MAKE A BETTER MAN. — GENERAL SUMMARY. 
(By the Editor.) 

Setting aside the spirit and the estate, or what remains after 
death, man consists of body and mind : the ideal being a soimd 
mind in a sonnd body, or, to speak in more modern phrase, a 
vivacions mind in a vigorous body, or a live brain in a live body. 
These parts may be studied separately. 

We begin with the physical structure. To attain excellence we 
must perfect the body in all its functions — the better man must 
have better muscles and better vessels, finer nerves, and finer skin 
and gland tissue. 

These are the four sides of the man physical, and by these he 
is built up, as it were, four square. 

NUTRITIVE PERFECTION. — THE SIDE OF GROWTH. 

The first thing to do if we are to make a better man is to obtain 
a good foundation, and this lies in health and foremost in diges- 
tion, circulation, and respiration. A good stomach is the corner- 
stone. The quality essential to the perfect man is a good diges- 
tion. " I know no other," writes one of our eminent contributors. 
Poor teeth and stomachs and good dentists and doctors are bad 
foundations for a country's greatness. First of all, the new man 
must be vigorous. "A sound constitution," "a vigorous body," "a 
well-organized body," " a physician's model," " the nutritive func- 
tions vigorous," are some of the terms by which the coming man 

617 



PLASTIC PERFECTION. 

is described. His height is five feet ten inches, his weight a hun- 
dred and sixty pounds. Simple diet, open air, right eating, sleep- 
ing, breathing, bathing, exercising, with stimulants held in reserve,, 
are the means by which this foundation is to be laid, by which 
the sturdy, healthy, hardy, vigorous human root and trunk is to 
be reared or grown. Man the plant is first. Not the wicked but 
the good should flourish as a green bay-tree. " Without health, 
we can do but little." 

PERFECTION OF MUSCLE. — THE SIDE OF ACTION. 

Training for health, vigor, growth, a sound constitution, is one 
thing j training for strength, swiftness, and agility, for aggress- 
iveness, antagonism, " struggle and triumph," increased physical 
power and " manly animalism " is another. For the first, right 
eating, sleeping, breathing, exercising, bathing suffice; for the 
other we require regular exercises, athletes, gymnastics — physical 
training; in other words, well-developed muscles. The better 
man will have better arms and legs, and, as one contributor has 
told us, those exercises which develop the arms do not develop 
the lower limbs. And from another we learn that it is the flex- 
ors of the arms and the extensors of the legs that require atten- 
tion — that is, the upper limbs must be more supple and agile, the 
lower stauncher, sturdier, stiffer, and straighter. 

PLASTIC PERFECTION. — THE EFFUSIVE OR SYMPATHETIC SIDE. 

If the statues of Hercules, Mars, Mercury, Vulcan, Neptune, etc.,, 
present us with types of physical strength and vigor, we may look 
to those of Venus and Apollo as types of beauty. The physically 
fine man and the physically lovely woman — that is, the human 
being beautiful in the flesh — is as attractive to-day as ever in the 
world's history, though to-day the ideal must be less formal, more 

618 



PERFECTION OF NERVE. 

refined, more mobile, more nervous than that of the past. Beauty 
of person means more than beauty of body. Beauty of face is 
higher still, while refinement, grace, elegance, cleanliness carry 
one very far in the path of this lower and outer perfection. The 
handsomer type, we are told, would result by marriage of the 
dark man of the south with the blonde woman of the north. For 
beauty, hair must be abundant on the head and face. Natural 
selection might correct any tendency to baldness. Beauty of voice 
and movement counts more than beauty of person ; ignoble voice 
and mean facial expression are to be corrected. High foreheads 
are noble, and smaller, more regular, more delicate faces and 
smaller hands and feet are desirable. 

PETFECTION OF NERVE. — THE SENSITIVE SIDE. 

The crown and flower of the human organism is undoubtedly 
the nervous system. The better man must have better nerve and 
a better cerebral cortex. The nervous temperament should pre- 
dominate ; he should have " a good brain," a perfect brain and 
spinal cord, a plastic cortex. The profile will be more vertical, 
the facial angle wider j the senses being educated in connection 
with fine muscular movements will bring about increased com- 
plexity of brain strands. By cultivating the power of observation 
the senses will grow more acute. Sensitivity is a high quality, 
and is found best developed in the cultivated classes. Manual 
training, kindergarten, object study, nature study, and scientific 
training generally, tend to develop favorably the nervous system. 
Sensitivity is not nervous excitability or nervous irritability — a 
fault of organism which Americans are told they must guard 
against. 

Periods of brain and nerve rest are essential — by rest meaning 
not idleness but change. 

619 



TABULAR SUMMARY. 



PERFECTION OP BODY 



PERFECTION OF NERVE. 


PERFECTION OF MUSCLE. 


THE SENSITIVE SIDE. 


THE SIDE OF ACTION. 


Brain and spinal cord free from de- 


Exercise. 


fect. 


Physical power. 


Multiplicity and complexity of brain 


Physical training. 


strands. 


Athletics. 


Vertical profile. 


The athletic movement. 


Increased facial angle. 


Manly animalism. 


Plasticity of cerebral cortex. 


Muscular energy. 


Acute senses. 


Strength, swiftness, agility. 


Nervous temperament predominat- 


Well-developed muscles. 


ing-. 


Better development of the flexors of 


No morbid nervous excitability. 


the arm and the extensors of the 


Nerves and brain must have rest. 


legs. 


Educate senses in connection with 




fine muscular movements. 




NUTRITIVE PERFECTION. 


PLASTIC PERFECTION. 


THE SIDE OF GROWTH. 


THE EFFUSIVE OR SYMPATHETIC 
SIDE. 


Height, 5 ft. 10 in. ; weight, 160 lbs. 


Beauty of body. 


A well-organized body. 


Beauty of person. 


Health of the organs. 


Cleanliness, refinement. 


Physical health, vigor. 


Grace, elegance. 


A good physique. 


Beauty of face. 


Vigorous constitution. 


Beauty of voice. 


Good digestion, circulation, and res- 


Beauty of movement. 


piration. 


Features, hands, and feet smaller. 


Hygienic training. 


Forehead larger, higher, and more 



Simple diet. 

Open air. 

A physician's model. 

A good digestion. 

Right eating, breathing, sleeping, 

exercising, bathing. 
Stimulants held in reserve. 
Obey the laws of health. 



prominent. 

Hair abundant. 

Most beautiful type by Southern 
brunette united to Northern 
blonde. 

Ignoble voice and mean facial ex- 
pression react on the inner facul- 
ties. 



620 



PERFECTION OF THE MIND OR BRAIN. 
THE IDEAL SIDE. 

RIGHT SEEING. — TRAINING OF THE INTELLECT. 

Upon no one subject have the contributors to this book laid 
more stress than upon having an ideal While the business of 
life lies upon the surface of the earth, we must never for a day 
lose sight of the heaven above us. "A man must have something 
outside, above, and beyond himself," says Lowell. 

The highest conceptions known to man may be variously 
grouped. The religious ideals, God, Christ, and the Divine Spirit, 
are mentioned in many places through the work. The philosophic 
ideals, goodness, power, truth, beauty, love, are referred to contin- 
ually. The scientific ideals, nature, humanity, and art, are fre- 
quently mentioned. We are told to believe in the reality of these 
ideals, to see the value and beauty of these higher things, that our 
desire should be to rise to them and to lift up others that they 
also may breathe the pure atmosphere. As ideals incarnate, 
types, exemplars, or models, we have first the sacred types, God 
and Christ, while the secular types held up to us are Plato, 
Socrates, and Marcus Aurelius. William of Orange, Lincoln, 
Washington, Moltke, and Darwin were strong men. Tennyson 
and Meissonier were most consummate artists. This ideal, the 
living for a purpose or end, is the word of counsel oftenest given. 
If a man build a house, he draws first a plan ; if he sail, he is 
bound for a port ; if he run, his eye is on the goal j if he journey, 
it is to some place ; if he fight, it is for a cause. Life is a battle, 
a journey, a voyage, a race, and a structure, and each life ought 
to have its end, aim, plan, goal, purpose, or object. Every one 
should have a goal or calling ; every one should have a specialty, 
a field to cultivate 5 every one may ameliorate his condition and 
achieve some good end. 

621 



PERFECTION OF THE MIND OR BRAIN. 

Spirituality, or the development of the spiritual powers, though 
of the highest importance, is in our age most rare ; yet it is im- 
perative that all should have religion, and the words faith, piety, 
sanctity point to the path by which it is to be obtained. Within 
this holy of holies insight is better than intellect, and intuition is 
better than syllogisms. The "Imitation of Christ" is the manual 
for devout minds, as the " Divine Comedy " of Dante is for those 
who have " a scorn of all that is low and mean." 

Great space is given throughout the book to truth in some one 
of its forms. As a virtue, it is recommended under the name of 
sincerity, truthfulness, good-faith, truth-speaking ; while in the 
higher sense it is spoken of as a thirst, an undying curiosity, a 
love, and a penetrating power. We are told to love truth, to 
thirst for it, to penetrate the secrets of the universe, to carry out 
the true and eliminate the false. 

Intelligence as treated here is of that high order. Precisely as 
there is found decorative art and high art in the world, so there 
exists in the world of mind an average intelligence and a supe- 
rior intelligence. What we need is mind of higher order. We 
are told to open our eyes, to see things in their exact aspect ; that 
keen understanding and a bright mind and mental alertness are 
desirable. Sight or clear-sightedness is the summitm bonum, for 
goodness itself is but a higher order of intelligence. 

The word intellect occurs, of course, many times. We must 
not only see clear but we must think straight. Attention is in- 
sisted on 5 we must observe, reflect, etc. We must drill the mind 
to be strong, quick, and tenacious. Intellectual operations must 
be aggressive, rapid, and far-reaching. A whole course of mental 
discipline is expressed in the words observe, reason, imagine, 
write. 

Sagacity is one of the two or three great powers of the world ; 
that is to say, wisdom and judgment, good sense and common 

622 



PERFECTION OF THE MIND OR BRAIN. 

■sense are excellent things. No investments pay better. The 
maxim "Cultivate common sense" is good for all times, places, 
races, and creeds. Without a sound judgment we do more hurt 
than good. 

Nevertheless, without enthusiasm we can do nothing, for it is 
the fire and the steam of life. If we cannot live without light, 
neither can we grow without heat. Sweetness and light are good. 
Strength and fire are also good, and nothing is better than fire. 

Serenity of mind is highly praised. Serenity is an ancient 
ideal, activity a modern ; the two are united in the phrase of 
Goethe, "tranquil activity," or, as one of our contributors has 
shown, upon the firm basis of a life's aim or purpose the greatest 
nobility of mind and feeling may take place. Happy is the man, 
in any case, who stands upon the calm heights. 

The word knowledge forms a suitable head for a well-defined 
group of observations. Scientific training, classical training, man- 
ual training, and linguistic accomplishment each have their advo- 
cates. Wide reading is one way to acquire knowledge, observa- 
tion of the course of nature another. Self-knowledge is excellent, 
and a knowledge of men and women most useful, while to go 
wide and deep into the philosophy and history of man is the pre- 
rogative of the few. 

That the mind should be unshackled, that we should accept 
both the old and the new, and seek ever a broader culture, is 
maintained by all. 

Several have referred to creative genius or the constructive 
faculty. A machine is a practical invention, a scheme of the uni- 
verse, theoretical ; a picture, a sonata, a statue, an aesthetic inven- 
tion, a poem may be fanciful or idyllic — all these forms of inven- 
tion, construction, creation, rise in the coordinating centres of the 
brain. That the man of the future will be a greater inventor, con- 
structor, and creator than the man of the past is a high probability. 

623 



PERFECTION OF THE 3IIND OR BRAIN. 

The following is a summary of the ideal, spiritual, or intellect- 
ual side. 

Ideals. High ideal. High thought. An ideal. Desire for 
higher things. Desire to rise with others to the ideal. Enthu- 
siasm for great, noble, and high. Cultivation of an ideal. 

Reality of ideals. Exalted views. Lofty and pure aims. Value 
and beauty of higher things. Love of nature, art, letters. Seek 
the things of the mind. Seek the things that make the past or 
distant predominate over the senses and the present. 

All men should have an ideal. An unquenchable desire to rise 
ever higher. Strive to lift up others to the pure and wholesome at- 
mosphere of the ideal. Strengthen and confirm all desire for higher 
things. Inculcate in the young a higher ideal, a love for truth, 
beauty, and right. A higher condition of society must be sought. 

Purpose. The goal. A goal or calling. Noble purpose. Earnest 
purpose. Golden purpose. Clear purpose. An aim in life. Sim- 
plicity of aim. Have a specialty. Cultivate the field, however 
small, of which you are master. Have an ideal for life-work cred- 
itable to self and of benefit to the world. We can all ameliorate 
our condition and achieve some good end. 

Spirituality. Religion. Sanctity. Piety. Faith. Adoration. 
Spiritual power. Spiritual possession. 

Seek the Divine Spirit. The soul or spirit should recognize 
kinship with the Divine Spirit. Truth or faith absolutely neces- 
sary. Faith in the divine order of things. 

Insight, not intellect. Intuition, not syllogisms 

Accept a religion ; it shuts up the open questions and the prob- 
lems you cannot solve. 

The spiritual and devout mind will find pleasure in reading 
" The Imitation." 

Truth. Sincerity. Good faith. Truthfulness. Truth-speaking. 

Thirst for truth. Curiosity for truth. Carry out the true,. 

624 



PERFECTION OF THE MIND OR BRAIN. 

eliminate the false. Love the truth for truth's sake. Speak the 
truth, not of hearsay but of experience. 

Thirst for progress. Penetrate the secrets of the universe. 
- From assumption of the validity of natural law work upward to 
higher principles. 

Increase the investigation of the forces of nature. 

A clear-seeing, unbiased intellect whose one thirst is for truth. 
Learn with ever-increasing ardor and with greater accuracy the 
laws that govern the universe and man. 

Intelligence. Superior intelligence. Clear-sightedness. Clear 
brain. Mental alertness. Open your eyes. Keen understanding. 
Bright mind. Psychic equipoise. Faultless adjustment to sur- 
roundings. Get beyond self to the conception of the race. In- 
telligent forethought. Sacrificing near to distant. Ability to 
perceive things and to see through things. See things under 
their exact aspect. Broad views of the interest of humanity and 
willingness to conform to them. Goodness is but a high order of 
intelligence. 

Intellect. Intellectual development. Intellectual seriousness. 
Attention. Intellectual mobility. Intellectual power. Intellect- 
ual comprehension. 

Power of thought. Trained intellect. Intellectual activity. 
Philosophic intellect. Observe, reflect. 

Rational faculties quick, strong, and tenacious. Proper opinions. 
Reason. Rational faculties in command. 

Individual reason. Rationality strong, requiring reasons for 
opinions and conduct. Intellectual operations aggressive, rapid, 
and far-reaching. 

Reason enlightened by science. A well-developed, active, judi- 
ciously stored brain. 

Intellectual training. Observe, reason, imagine, write. 

Habit of observing well. Observe the phenomena of nature. 

625 



PERFECTION OF THE MIND OR BRAIN. 

The greatest happiness is obtainable from intellectual activity. 

Wisdom and Judgment Good sense. Common sense. Good judg- 
ment. Sound judgment. Wise consideration of circumstances. 

Caution. Know your limits. Surety of tact. 

A sagacious reason. "Wisest, truest." 

Cultivate common sense. Wisdom from reading; wisdom 
from experience. 

Profound self-examination necessary. Acceptance of the ne- 
cessities of life. Equanimity about the future. Submission to 
the law. 

Fervor. Enthusiasm for great, good, and high. Fire of genius. 
Capacity for admiration, without rambling to ecstasy. Ardent 
enthusiasm, yet without surpassing the normal line. Imaginative 
enthusiasm. Wit and humor. The enthusiasm of the preacher. 
The faculty that can fuse and transform, endowing even dulness 
with novelty and splendor. 

Serenity. Serenity of mind. Calmness. Peace of mind. Tran- 
quillity of spirit. Tranquillity of mind. Serenity that suppresses 
dangerous instincts of words and actions. "The calm heights 
that their feet trod tower white through the ages." 

Knowledge. Education. Reading. Foreign languages. Only 
best authors. Go wide and deep into history and philosophy of 
man. Know something of everything and everything of some- 
thing. Try to understand the universe. Learn with more and 
more exactness the laws that govern the universe and man. 
Scientific training. Classical training. Self-knowledge. Knowl- 
edge of real things and of actual relations with men and women. 
Pay deliberate attention to pictures, books, plants, animals, and 
scenery. Study nature and physical science. Train by observa- 
tion in connection with finer muscular movements. Read lives of 
great men. Acquire knowledge of the earth and man in broad 
philosophical outlines. 

626 



THE PRACTICAL SIDE. 

Freedom of Mind. Liberality of mind. Mental pliability. Be 
open to conviction. Intellectual mobility. Understand the needs 
of your time. Catholicity. Honest opinion. Understand the 
convictions of others. Danger of conventions and superstitions. 
Accept things both new and old, if true. Seek broad culture. 
Have knowledge of and sympathy with all aspects of life and the 
universe. Emancipation of the imagination. Freedom from 
prejudice and dogmas. Appreciate the old but advance the new. 
Courage of opinion. 

Constructive Genius. Constructive imagination. Men of inven- 
tion opposed to men of detail. Pleasures of creative activity. 
Theoretical invention. Practical invention. The horse runs ; the 
fish swims ; the bird flies ; man creates. Brain organized to con- 
ceive and to will. 

THE PRACTICAL SIDE. 

TRAINING OF THE HAND AND THE CHARACTER. — RIGHT LIVING. 

To the man of the happy future obedience to the laws of moral- 
ity ought to be as instinctive as the acts of breathing and diges- 
tion ; but while the evils of life remain with us, exhibiting them- 
selves daily in so flagrant a form, we must practise and perpetu- 
ally practise, like one learning the piano. Some day simple moral- 
ity will be a matter of course. In the meantime, while we prac- 
tise let us not always play our rights in the major key and our 
duties in the minor, nor reverse these keys when we sound the 
rights and duties of our neighbors. Let us compose exercises on 
finer keys and in clearer harmony. 

Wise living in the coming man will be a habit. For the present 
we must practise the virtues. 

"Labor is the law of life." "Work ardently.' 7 "Find your 
happiness in work." "There is pleasure in creative power." 
These and many others are the aphorisms by which we are in- 

627 



THE PRACTICAL SIDE. 

cited to a life of usefulness. Money and work are both practical 
ideals, but it is urged that it is to the latter, not the former, that 
our eyes should be turned. In this view our pleasure should not 
lie in receiving a sum of money, but in the production of a useful 
and beautiful object. Following is the complete summary of 
opinion on the practical side. 

Morality. Moral power. Good citizenship. Duty. Right. 
Strict honesty. Obedience to the rule of right. Moral health. 
Character. Moral training. Conscience. Good conscience. 
Morality. Love of right. Moral earnestness. Ethical considera- 
tions. Simple morality should be a matter of course. Adhere to 
right. Moral strength. Conscientiousness. Clear conscience. 
Strict integrity. Reserve of moral force. Noble character. 
Moral discrimination. Moral training. Be honest. An honest 
nature. Sense of responsibility in life. Conscience is liege to 
nature. Live up to conviction of life's obligations. Be developed 
all around, but have your moral principle on the square. In- 
creased earnestness of character. See that your purpose is based 
upon ethical considerations. 

Wise Living. Temperance. Sensuous mastery. Pleasure of 
self-denial. Self-simplification. Avoid extremes. Banish lusts. 
Learn how to live as well as how to make money. Wise living 
should be a habit. Avoid both luxury and ascetic abstinence. 
Live in the open air. Tobacco, alcohol, tea, and coffee should be 
regarded as reserves for emergency and not as daily necessities. 
Inculcate in the young a high ideal, simple manners, more thought 
for the general weal. 

Work. Material development necessary. Cooperation rather 
than competition — be a worker in practical affairs. A maximum 
of work should be the aim. Labor is the law of life. Indus- 
try. Find happiness in work. Have no exaggerated greed for 
wealth. Scorn money-worship and money-service. There is 

628 



THE ENERGETIC SIDE. 

pleasure in creative power. Practical and useful occupations are 
honorable. Mechanical, manual, and domestic labors are honor- 
able. Independence. Love of work. Think less of money. 
Work ardently. Idleness is a reversion toward barbarism. Isola- 
tion and idleness put one out of harmony both with nature and 
art. Fear not the toil of hand and brain. Labor is the synonym 
of morality. Practical ability is desirable for all. The ready 
man must be able to drive a nail and tie a bundle. Profit by 
what you have : create what you have not. Work is better than 
wealth. Amass no fortune beyond personal needs. Utilization 
of the forces of nature desirable. 

THE ENERGETIC SIDE. 

EIGHT ACTING. — TRAINING OF THE WILL. 

The greatest thing in the material world is force. Energy is a 
quality natural to the races of the Occident, and the coming man 
will not be without it. Courage, which is the chief energetic vir- 
tue, is a synonym for manliness. Development of all the powers 
to the culminating point of action is the best education, efficiency 
for self and others the best motto. 

While Force or Energy is the soldier. AVill or Control is the 
general. In all systems of ethics self-control holds the highest 
place ; the lower self must be submissive to the higher. And the 
figure of the horse and the rider is as good to-day as it has ever 
been. Of the hundred manly virtues that the general must pos- 
sess, none are more important than courage, determination, and 
perseverance. 

Force is the soldier. Control is the general. Self-respect is the 
king. A distinguished bearing is desirable, a proper egoism is nec- 
essary. Modesty and dignity and the power of repose are all royal 
qualities : not less are magnanimity, high-mindedness. and honor. 

629 ' 



THE ENERGETIC SIDE. 

Following is a summary of qualities on the energetic side. 

Force, Energy. Cultivate energy. Increase your energies. 
Enterprise. Daring. Ambition. Heroism. Ability. Power. 
Power within our limits. Activity. The greatest activity. Hon- 
est striving. Bring all your powers to bear. Courage. Manly 
courage. Animal courage. Freedom. Force. Bravest, strong- 
est. Efficiency for self and others. Great action. Contribute to 
the triumph of the race. Wholesome form of animality. Manly 
sort of animalism from dealing with the elements (boating, 
camping, etc.). Military discipline advantageous. Seek strength 
and perseverance in the development of strength. 

Will, Control. Powerful will. Cool head. Highly disciplined 
will. Power of mind over defects. No compromise with base 
instincts. Steadfastness. Ability to bear disappointment Train- 
ing of the will. Individual will. Repress evil tendencies. Con- 
centration. Firmness. Power of acting from principle. Self- 
reliance. Carry out intuitions of higher moments. Acquire 
self-control in suppressing anger, resentment, hatred, greed, and 
sensuality. Suppress undue egoism. Even temper. Be masterful. 
Persevering. Endurance. Forbearance. Courage. Determina- 
tion. Patience. Cultivate sometimes what you do not like. Sub- 
ordinate lower to higher self. Make will conform to reason. Be 
strong of purpose. Obtain control over the emotional forces, both 
noble and common. Have power to act from principle, whether 
for or against our interest. Hatred and anger should only appear 
in works of art as background to bright images of joy and beauty. 
Hold your own in the face of everything with a free soul. Teach 
the child how to will. Self-reliance. Self-reliant personality. Be 
not like dumb, driven cattle, but be heroes. Concentrate the at- 
tention and the energy toward the great goal. 

Self-respect. Self-reverence. Self-effectuation. Proper assur- 
ance. Distinction of character. Honorable name. Distinguished 

630 



THE SYMPATHETIC SIDE. 

bearing 1 . Modesty. Dignity. Proper egoism. Individuality, 
Insistence on rights of self and others. Have courage of opinions. 
Know the power of repose, the dignity of self-respect. Magna- 
nimity. Self-possession. Patience and tranquillity. High- 
mindedness. Public spirit. Unpretentious, not arrogant. Have 
self-respect, not self-assertion ; scorn what is mean and low. 

THE SYMPATHETIC SIDE. 

RIGHT FEELING. TRAINING OF THE HEART. 

There are four schools for the training of the heart and the 
sensibilities : home, society, art, and the world. More than one 
of the writers have insisted on the power of home influence. 
Home is the centre and fountain of all love, the hearth is the focus 
at which the sacred fire is kindled. Here is cultivated reverence, 
veneration, respect for the elders ; affectionate warmth is displayed 
between husband and wife, and brothers and sisters ; tenderness 
and kindness manifested toward the little ones. The home pas- 
sions should be slow, strong, and tenacious ; faithfulness is the 
home virtue, conjugal fidelity the law. 

The social instinct is hardly less strong than the home and fam- 
ily instincts. The two combine and produce the most brilliant of 
all human flowers, good society. The virtues and accomplishments 
of the drawing-room — courtesy, gentleness, good-humor, good 
manners — will carry one very far in the path toward perfection. 
In the coming man we may hope that this perfection may be at- 
tained without devoting " all one's time to it," that courtesy, like 
morality, may be an ingrained habit. In the meantime practise. 

Nothing is better for the forming of the coming man than 
attention to the beauty around him. A large proportion of our 
attention may be taken up by scenery, flowers, music, paintings 
sculpture, architecture. These are the lovely things of earth, and 

631 



THE SYMPATHETIC SIDE. 

we may bring our minds and bodies into harmony with them. A 
lovely mind in a lovely body is the culmination of a healthy mind 
in a healthy body. 

The fire of love kindled at the family hearth spreads broader 
and brighter, till it may light np in onr hearts the entire universe. 
Beyond our nearest home, beyond our friends, our neighbors, our 
acquaintances, stands our brother man ; below him our brother 
animal, our sister plant, our mother earth ; above are the stars 
and all divine things. Here is the field for the extension of our 
sympathies. Here are beings in which we may be interested. 
Humanity first, universal brotherhood ; below it the world of 
creatures, above it the world of the divine. 

"Not one but a thousand lives are his 
Who carries the world in his sympathies." 

Following is a summary of the sympathetic side. 

Affections. A warm heart. A glad heart. A good heart. 
Home training. Early marriage. Constancy, love of one. 
Strong conjugal and paternal passions (affections). Conjugal 
fidelity. Emotional faculties slow, strong, and tenacious. We 
b>elong to our loved ones. Faithfulness. Love is the fulfilment 
of the law. Love is the noble emotion. Ability to love and to 
be loved. Whole-heartedness. Love men. Love children. 
Emotional or affective side can be more developed. Be pure, 
noble, and just to women. Acute sensibility desirable. Cultivate 
sensibility. Goodness of heart gives man his force and woman 
all her virtues. Without a warm heart one is sure to be selfish. 
Seek the father's counsel, the mother's love, the sister's affection, 
the brother's interest. 

Manners. Politeness, gentleness, kindness. Kindliness. Mod- 
esty. Purity. Good manners. Good-breeding. Natural, gentle 
manners. Refined habits. Delicacy of feeling. Unwillingness 

632 



THE SYMPATHETIC SIDE. 

to crowd others. Modest in apparel. Courteous and kind. So- 
ciability. Refinement in thought, feeling, and manner. Unselfish- 
ness. Pity. Gentleness. Be considerate. Be considerate to 
women. Propriety. Companionable habits. Social instincts. 
Good-will toward others. Spontaneous good-humor. Art of 
pleading with grace and taste. Pure social relations. Right re- 
lations with fellows. Generous disposition. Unselfishness. 

Tastes. Esthetic training. Study aesthetics in nature. Es- 
thetic sensibility. Higher tastes. Esthetic mobility. Love of 
beauty. Taste that appreciates all beauty. Heart that loves all 
lovely things. Harmony between mind, heart, and taste. Train 
the aesthetic sensibility. Artistic sentiment. Chastity. Purity. 
Create pictures of love and joy. Be pure of heart. Love nature, 
love art. Cultivate the higher tastes and affections. Keen or 
subtle poetic or artistic sensibility. Best type of humanity found 
in sculpture and poetry of the Greeks. Read Wordsworth and 
Scott for poetic and aesthetic culture. Bring art into one's life. 
Bring aesthetic sentiment to embellish our actions. Put the force, 
fire, and good taste of the artist into the performance of our du- 
ties. Knowledge and virtue are poor and bare unless warmed 
and colored by beauty. 

Sympathy. Benevolence. Kindness. Humanity. Disinter- 
estedness. Altruism. Social development. Universal brother- 
hood. Cultivate sympathetic sensibilities. Contribute to univer- 
sal happiness. Have high ideal of friendship. Sympathetic 
beneficence. Contribute to benefit mankind. Large sympathy. 
Abundant sympathy. Benevolence. Philanthropy. Be charita- 
ble to all men. Seek the general well-being. Justice. Equity. 
Help the world. Broaden your sympathies. Love country, fam- 
ily, community, race. Greatness of soul. Man is his brother's 
keeper. Generous sympathy. Large humanity. Companion- 
ship of pure-minded, wholesome men and women. Public spirit. 

633 



THE SYMPATHETIC SIDE. 

Be a progressive and reforming citizen. Devotion to the cause 
of hnman progress. The aim should be to make all men strong, 
wise, pure, and good. Penetrate the secret of the universe and 
establish the brotherhood of man. Pursue with fervor the good 
of others. Augment the general happiness; we breathe better 
in plenty of air. Seek training in benevolence, kindness, and hu- 
manity. Self-development and working for others are but one. 
Cultivate as a power the faculty of entering into the feelings of 
others. 



634 



LITERATURE. 

BOOKS RECOMMENDED FOR CULTURE AND TRAINING. 

I. 
THE SPIRITUAL SIDE. 

Classical and Literary. 
Homer. 
iEschylus. 
Sophocles. 
Aristophanes. 
Plato. 

Aristotle. Rhetoric, Ethics. Politics. 
Plutarch's Lives. 
Marcus Aurelius. 

John Addington Symouds. Renaissance. 
Taine. Philosophy of Art. 
Taine. History of English Literature. 
Botta. Handbook of Lmiversal Literature. 
The Hundred Greatest Men of History. 

Scientific and Philosophic. 

Collins. Epitome of Herbert Spencer. 

Haeckel. Natural History of Creation. 

Gegenbaur. Comparative Anatomy. 

Landois. Physiology. 

Bain. Mental and Moral Science. 

Bain. Logic. 

Hamilton. Metaphysics. 

635 



LITERATURE. 

Spiritual and Ideal. 

Sacred. Psalms, New Testament. 
Devotional. The Imitation, St. Theresa. 
Secular. Dante. The Purgatory and Paradise. 

Goethe. Faust, Parts I. and II. 

Shelley, Wordsworth, Scott, Tennyson, Schiller. 

[The best novelists are Balzac, Geo. Sand, Walter Scott, Thackeray, George Eliot, Turgeneff, 
and Nathaniel Hawthorne.] 

II. 

THE PRACTICAL SIDE. 

Manual Training. 

Charles Henry Ham. Manual Training. 

Woodward. Manual Training in Education. 
Moral Training. 

Noah Porter. Moral Science. 

Gilman. Laws of Conduct. 

Health. 

Hunt. Principles of Hygiene. 
Buckton. Health in the House. 
Burdett. Helps to Health. 

III. 

THE ENERGETIC SIDE. 

Gymnastics. Physical Education. 
Maclaren. A System of Physical Education, Theoretical and 
Practical. 

Athletics. Manly Training. 

E. L. Anderson. How to Ride and" School a Horse. 
Maclaren. Training in Theory and Practice. 
Pollock and Grove. Fencing, Boxing, Wrestling. 
Shearman. Football and Athletics (Badminton Library). 

G36 



LITERATURE. 

Sport and Travel. 

Freslifield. Mountaineering (Badminton Library). 
Ball and Kennedy. Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers, 3 vols. 
Tumor. Astra Castra. Adventures in the Atmosphere. 
Mayer. Sport with the Rod and Gun in American Woods and 

Waters. 
Inglis. Tent Life in Tiger Land. 

IV. 

THE SYMPATHETIC SIDE. 

Social Training. 

Mrs. John Sherwood. Social Usages. 
Social Etiquette in New York. 
Calvert. The Gentleman. 

JEstlietic Culture. 

Perry. Greek and Roman Sculpture. 

Muntz. Life of Raphael. 

Black. Life of Michael Angelo. 

Heaton. Life of Leonardo da Vinci. 

Eiterlein. Sonatas of Beethoven. 

Soule's Photographs of Sculpture and Painting. 

Philanthropy. 

Shaftesbury. Life and Work, by Hodder. 

William Lloyd Garrison. Story of his Life and Work, told by 

his children. 
Brace. The Dangerous Classes of New York. 



637 



He that lays down precepts for governing 
our lives, and moderating our passions, obliges 
humanity not only in the present, but in all 

future generations. 

Seneca. 



638 



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